From November 23, 2009 N 261-FZ "On energy saving and on increasing energy efficiency and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation", increasing the level of harmonization of regulatory requirements with European and international regulatory documents, the use of uniform methods for determining operational characteristics and methods estimates. The requirements of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ "Technical regulations on fire safety requirements" and codes of rules for the fire protection system were also taken into account.

Note - When using this set of rules, it is advisable to check the operation of reference standards and classifiers in the public information system - on the official website of the National Body of the Russian Federation for Standardization on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the corresponding monthly information signs published in the current year. If the referenced document is replaced (changed), then when using this set of rules, one should be guided by the replaced (changed) document. If the referenced document is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the link to it is given applies in the part that does not affect this link.

unite, as a rule, in one building premises for various industries, warehouse premises, including premises for expeditions, acceptance, sorting and picking of goods, administrative and utility premises, as well as premises for engineering equipment;

to develop space-planning and design solutions in accordance with the requirements of the national standard "System of design documentation for construction. Modular coordination of dimensions in construction. Basic provisions";

take the number of floors and the height of the building within the limits established by 5.29, based on the results of comparing the technical and economic indicators of options for locating a production or warehouse in buildings of different storeys (heights), taking into account the provision of a high level of architectural solutions and energy efficiency;

space-planning and design decisions should be made in accordance with the technological part of the project, developed in accordance with the technological design standards. Space-planning solutions of warehouse buildings should ensure the possibility of their reconstruction, changing the technology of storage of goods without significant reconstruction of buildings;

4.4 Accommodation in production buildings of consumable (intermediate) warehouses of raw materials and semi-finished products in the amount established by the norms of technological design to ensure a continuous technological process is allowed directly in production facilities, openly or behind mesh fences. In the absence of such data in the norms of technological design, the amount of these cargoes should, as a rule, be no more than one and a half changeable need.

4.5 The safety of people staying in buildings should be ensured by sanitary-epidemiological and microclimatic conditions: the absence of harmful substances in the air of working areas above the maximum permissible concentrations, the minimum release of heat and moisture into the premises; the absence of above the permissible values \u200b\u200bof noise, vibration, ultrasound level, electromagnetic waves, radio frequencies, static electricity and ionizing radiation, as well as limiting physical activity, attention voltage and preventing fatigue of workers in accordance with the requirements and current hygienic standards.

Engineering systems should have automatic or manual regulation of the air supply system. Building heating systems must be equipped with devices to regulate the heat flow.

4.7 In warehouse buildings, it is allowed to use in building structures polymer and polymer-containing materials that are approved for use in construction by a sanitary and epidemiological conclusion.

4.8 To eliminate the negative impact of production facilities on the environment, measures should be taken to clean up and neutralize industrial effluents, capture and purify technological and ventilation emissions, and introduce waste-free and low-waste technologies; timely removal, neutralization and disposal of production waste.

System of regulatory documents in construction

BUILDING STANDARDS AND RULES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

PRODUCTION BUILDINGS

SNiP 31-03-2001

STATE COMMITTEE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
CONSTRUCTION AND HOUSING AND UTILITIES COMPLEX
(GOSSTROY RUSSIA)

SNiP 31-04-2001

BUILDING STANDARDS AND RULES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

PRODUCTION BUILDINGS

PRODUCTIONBUILDINGS

Date of introduction 2002-01-01

1 AREA OF USE

1.1 These norms and rules must be observed at all stages of the creation and operation of buildings and premises of the functional fire hazard class F5.1 (according to SNiP 21-01): industrial buildings, laboratory buildings, production and laboratory premises and workshops, including those built into buildings of another functional fire hazard.

1.2 These standards do not apply to buildings and premises for the production and storage of explosives and explosives, military purposes, underground structures of subways, mines.

1.3 In cases where enterprises provide for the possibility of using the labor of disabled people, additional requirements specified in the relevant paragraphs of these standards, depending on the type of disability, should be observed.

When creating specialized workshops (sections) at an enterprise intended for the use of disabled labor, one should also be guided by the "Unified Sanitary Rules for Enterprises (Production Associations), Workshops and Sections Designated for Using the Labor of Disabled People and Old Age Pensioners" of the USSR Ministry of Health. It is not allowed to create such workshops (sites) located in rooms of categories A and B.

2. REGULATORY REFERENCES

Playground - a single-tier structure (without walls), located in or outside the building, resting on independent supports, building structures or equipment and intended for the installation, maintenance or repair of equipment.

Number of storeys of the building - the number of floors of the building, including all above-ground floors, technical and basement, if the top of its floor is at least 2 m higher than the average planning level of the earth.

Above ground floor - floor when the floor level of the premises is not lower than the planning level of the earth.

Basement floor - a floor when the floor of the premises is below the planning level of the earth by more than half the height of the room.

Ground floor - a floor when the floor of the premises is below the planning level of the earth by no more than half the height of the room.

Technical floor - a floor for placing engineering equipment and laying communications; can be located in the lower (technical underground), upper (technical attic) or in the middle of the building.

Bookcase - a multi-tiered frame structure (without walls), free-standing in the building or outside it and intended for the placement and maintenance of technological and other equipment.

These standards also use the terms, the definitions of which are given in ST SEV 383 and GOST 12.1.033.

4. BASIC PROVISIONS

4.1 Fire safety requirements of these rules and regulations are based on the provisions and classifications adopted in SNiP 21-01.

4.2 When designing buildings, you should:

to combine, as a rule, in one building premises for various industries, warehouse, administrative and utility premises, as well as premises for engineering equipment;

take the height of the building within the limits established based on the results of comparing the technical and economic indicators of the options for locating production in buildings of various storeys (heights) and taking into account the provision of a high level of architectural solutions;

make space-planning decisions of buildings, taking into account the reduction in the area of \u200b\u200bexternal enclosing structures;

take the area of \u200b\u200blight openings in accordance with the design standards for natural and artificial lighting, taking into account the requirements;

accept buildings without skylights, if this is allowed by the conditions of technology, sanitary and hygienic requirements and economically feasible;

predominantly use buildings, structures and enlarged blocks of engineering and technological equipment in complete prefabricated units;

to develop space-planning solutions, taking into account the need to reduce the dynamic effects on building structures, technological processes and working, caused by vibroactive equipment or external sources of vibrations.

4.3 Architectural decisions of buildings should be made taking into account the town planning, climatic conditions of the construction area and the nature of the surrounding buildings. Color finishing of interiors should be provided in accordance with GOST 14202 and GOST 12.4.026.

4.4 In terms of explosion and fire hazard, premises and buildings are divided into categories (A, B, B1 - C4, D, D) depending on the technological processes placed in them and the properties of the (circulating) substances and materials.

The categories of buildings and premises are established in the technological part of the project in accordance with NPB 105, departmental (sectoral) technological design standards or special lists approved in the prescribed manner.

5. VOLUME-PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS

5.3 The introduction of railway tracks into buildings is allowed to be provided in accordance with the technological part of the project, taking into account the requirements.

5.4 The top of the rail heads of the railroad tracks should be at the level of the finished floor.

5.5 Warehouses of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products located in production buildings, as well as loading platforms (ramps) should be designed taking into account the requirements of SNiP 31-04.

5.6 In multi-storey buildings with a height of more than 15 m from the planning level of the ground to the level of the finished floor of the upper floor (excluding the technical one) and the presence of permanent jobs or equipment at the mark of more than 15 m, which must be serviced more than three times per shift, passenger elevators should be provided. Freight lifts should be provided in accordance with the technological part of the project.

The number and capacity of elevators should be taken depending on the passenger and freight traffic. With the number of employees (in the most numerous shift) no more than 30 on all floors located above 15 m, one elevator should be provided in the building.

If there are rooms on the second floor and above intended for the work of disabled people using wheelchairs, a passenger elevator should be provided in the building, if it is impossible to organize workplaces for disabled people on the first floor. The elevator car must have dimensions of at least: width - 1.1 m, depth - 2.1 m, width of the doorway - 0.85 m.

5.7 Exits from the basements should be provided outside the area of \u200b\u200boperation of material handling equipment.

5.8 The width of the vestibules and vestibules should be taken more than the width of the openings by at least 0.5 m (0.25 m on each side of the opening), and the depth - more than the width of the door or gate leaf by at least 0.2 m, but not less than 1.2 m.If there are disabled people among the working people who use wheelchairs, the depth of vestibules and vestibules should be taken at least 1.8 m.

When premises of various categories are located on the same floor, the distance along the corridor from the door of the most distant room to the exit to the outside or to the nearest staircase is determined by the more dangerous category.

The density of the human flow in the corridor is defined as the ratio of the number of people evacuating from the premises to the corridor to the area of \u200b\u200bthis corridor, while with doors opening from the premises to the common corridors, the width of the common corridor should be taken as reduced:

half the width of the door leaf - with one-sided doors;

to the width of the door leaf - with two-sided doors.

6.10 The width of the evacuation exit (door) from the premises should be taken depending on the total number of people evacuating through this exit, and the number of people per 1 m of the width of the exit (door), set in, but not less than 0.9 m if there are disabled workers with disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

The number of people per 1 m of the exit width at intermediate values \u200b\u200bof the volume of the premises is determined by interpolation.

The number of people per 1 m of the width of the evacuation exit (door) from rooms with a height of more than 6 m increases: with a height of 12 m - by 20%, 18 m - by 30%, 24 m - by 40%; at intermediate values \u200b\u200bof room heights, an increase in the number of people per 1 m of the exit width is determined by interpolation.

Table 2

6.15 Opening skylights, taken into account in the calculation of smoke exhaust, must be evenly spaced over the coverage area.

7. PREVENTION OF SPREADING OF FIRE.

If there are platforms, whatnots and mezzanines, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich at any elevation exceeds 40% of the floor area of \u200b\u200bthe room, the floor area is determined as for a multi-storey building with the number of floors determined by.

When equipping premises with automatic fire extinguishing installations, the areas indicated in the area may be increased by 100%, with the exception of buildings of IV degree of fire resistance of fire hazard classes C0 and C1, as well as buildings of V degree of fire resistance.

If there are open technological openings in the ceilings of adjacent floors, the total area of \u200b\u200bthese floors should not exceed the floor area specified in Art.

7.7 Sections of floors and technological sites on which devices, installations and equipment with the presence of flammable, combustible and toxic liquids in them are installed, must have blank sides made of non-combustible materials or pallets. The height of the sides and the area between the sides or pallets are set in the technological part of the project.

7.8 Rooflights with light transmitting elements made of materials of groups G3 and G4 are allowed to be used only in buildings of I, II and III degrees of fire resistance of fire hazard class C0 in rooms of categories B4, G and D with coverings made of materials with fire hazard NG and G1 and roll roof protective gravel cover. The total area of \u200b\u200blight-transmitting elements of such lamps should not exceed 15% of the total coverage area, the area of \u200b\u200bthe opening of one lamp should not be more than 12 m 2 with a specific mass of light-transmitting elements no more than 20 kg / m 2 and no more than 18 m 2 with a specific mass of light-transmitting elements no more 10 kg / m 2. In this case, the roll roof must have a protective gravel coating.

The distance (in the light) between these lanterns must be at least 6 m with the area of \u200b\u200bopenings from 6 to 18 m 2 and at least 3 m with the area of \u200b\u200bopenings up to 6 m 2.

When combining lanterns into groups, they are taken as one lantern, to which all the specified restrictions apply.

Between skylights with light-transmitting fillings made of materials of groups G3 and G4 in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the building's covering, at least 6 m wide gaps should be arranged every 54 m.The horizontal distance from the fire walls to the said skylights should be at least 5 m.

7.9 Ladders of the 3rd type, intended for access by fire departments, must have a width of at least 0.7 m.

Buildings and structures at the production site should be located in such a way as to provide the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilation of the premises.

As a rule, industrial buildings and structures are located on the territory of the enterprise in the course of the production process and are grouped taking into account the common sanitary and fire safety requirements, electricity consumption, and the movement of human flows.

Particularly noisy industries (forging, riveting) with a noise level of more than 90 dBA should be located in isolated buildings and premises.

Production with significant heat and gas emissions should be located in one-story buildings.

If the concentration of harmful emissions does not exceed the maximum permissible concentration, then it is possible to remove them from the building naturally (by aeration). At the same time, it is desirable that the longitudinal axis of the building be perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds. If the concentration of harmful emissions exceeds the maximum permissible, then the room must be equipped with effective supply and exhaust ventilation with purification of the exhaust air.

All buildings, structures and warehouses are arranged according to zones in accordance with production characteristics, the nature of the hazard and the mode of operation.

The zone of procurement shops (foundries, forging, thermal) is located closer to the railway on the territory of the plant.

The zone of processing and mechanical assembly shops, as well as warehouses of finished products, expedition, etc. are concentrated near the procurement shops and near the main entrance as shops with a large number of workers.

The zone of auxiliary shops (tool, repair-mechanical, etc.) is usually located near processing and procurement shops.

Due to their high flammability, woodworking workshops are located as far as possible from hot workshops.

The zone of energy devices (CHP, boiler houses, fuel depots) is located on the leeward side in relation to other shops due to their increased gas, smoke and dust emissions. At the main entrance of the plant, a pre-plant site is being created, where administrative, educational, and business buildings are located. The plant management, clinic, canteen are located outside the fence of the plant and must have entrances from the street.

The main warehouses of poisonous, explosive and flammable liquids should be located outside the factory area at distances determined by special standards. In accordance with sanitary standards, distances (gaps) are established between industrial buildings and structures. The size of the gap between buildings illuminated through window openings must not be less than the maximum height to the eaves of the opposing buildings.

Between detached buildings of buildings with a semi-enclosed courtyard (P and W-shaped buildings), the gap should be at least 15 m.In closed yards, through passages are made at least 4 m wide and at least 3.5 m high. which are located especially noisy production, and the neighboring ones must be at least 100 m. When determining the gaps between buildings, the requirements of sanitary and fire hazard are compared. If the sanitary breaks are less than the firefighters, take the required fire break.

Buildings and structures at the production site should be located in such a way as to provide the most favorable conditions for natural lighting and ventilation of the premises.

Particularly noisy industries (forging, riveting) with a noise level of more than 90 dBA should be located in isolated buildings and premises.

Production with significant heat and gas emissions should be located in one-story buildings.

All buildings, structures and warehouses are arranged according to zones in accordance with production characteristics, the nature of the hazard and the mode of operation.

The zone of procurement shops (foundries, forging, thermal) is located closer to the railway on the territory of the plant.

The zone of auxiliary shops (tool, repair-mechanical, etc.) is usually located near processing and procurement shops.

Due to their high flammability, woodworking workshops are located as far as possible from hot workshops.

Roads on the territory of industrial enterprises should be, as a rule, straight-line, paved, provide two-way traffic. Sidewalks should be provided for the movement of people. Over the railroad bed in places of heavy traffic of people, they arrange bridges-crossings or a tunnel under the tracks.

REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING DESIGN

Industrial buildings and structures must ensure the most rational implementation of the technological process, create a favorable production environment and eliminate fire hazard.

Industrial buildings of the main purpose (where technological equipment is located) and warehouses, if possible, should have a rectangular shape, which provides the best lighting and ventilation.

The design of industrial buildings, their dimensions and the number of floors are determined by the technological process, the degree of its fire and explosion safety, the presence of harmful emissions in accordance with SNiP 31-03-2001 "Industrial buildings".

For the safety of the movement of workers and the convenience of transporting goods, it is necessary to provide separate entrances and exits for people and vehicles in the workshops. Doors and gates must open outward. In case of fire in industrial buildings, evacuation exits are equipped.

Thermal air curtains or vestibules with two doors should be installed at external exits. The width of the vestibule for the passage of people should be equal to the width of the doorway plus 0.3 m on both sides.

Gates for railway transport must have a width equal to the width of the carriage plus 1.5 m and a height equal to the height of the carriage plus 0.5 m. The gate for vehicles must have a width and height of at least 2.5 m.

Auxiliary premises (utility rooms, canteens, health centers, etc.) should be located in annexes to industrial buildings, or in detached buildings with a connection to the production building (gallery, underground passage).

Administrative offices (plant management, technological department, design bureau, etc.) are located in separate buildings. The height of the office premises from floor to ceiling must be at least 3 m. For one worker in the offices there must be at least 4 m 2, in design bureaus - 6 m 2 per drawing table. These rooms should be provided with good natural light and ventilation.

The necessary auxiliary premises and their equipment are assigned in accordance with SP 44.13330-2011, depending on the group of production processes.

Amenity rooms (dressing rooms, showers, washrooms, smoking rooms, rooms for heating, personal hygiene of women), except for toilets, should be placed in annexes to industrial buildings.

The composition, equipment and arrangement of utility rooms - depending on the sanitary characteristics of the production process.

14.4. SANITARY AND HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTIVE ELEMENTS OF PRODUCTION AND AUXILIARY
PREMISES

The volume of production premises must be such that for each worker there is at least 15 m 3 of free space and at least 4.5 m 2 of area. The required height from floor to ceiling of industrial premises is at least 3.2 m, and to the bottom of structural elements protruding from the ceiling - at least 2.6 m.

The height of industrial premises with significant heat, moisture and gas emissions should ensure sufficient removal of harmful emissions from the working area. The working area is considered to be a space up to 2 m above the floor level, on which the workplaces are located. In one-story industrial premises with natural ventilation, continuous extensions around the entire perimeter of the walls, which worsen aeration, are not allowed.

The interior decoration of the walls of industrial premises, where they work with toxic (mercury, lead, etc.) or radioactive substances, should be provided with wet cleaning.

Rails in production facilities are laid in such a way that they do not protrude above the floor level. The channels and openings in the floors are closed with special covers flush with the floor surface.

Tunnels for transport devices and pipelines must have a height of at least 0.8 m and a free passage width of at least 0.6 m.

The location of production facilities in basement floors, as a rule, is not allowed. Basements with a height of 2.25 m can accommodate auxiliary equipment (pumps, electric motors, etc.). Such rooms should be equipped with ventilation. The location of office premises in basements is not allowed.

The height of utility rooms from floor to ceiling should be at least 2.5 m and from the ceiling to the bottom of protruding structures - at least 2.2 m.The distance from food points to the workshop during a lunch break should be up to 30 minutes no more than 300 m, and with a break of at least 1 hour - no more than 600 m.

Fire safety

A fire is a combustion that is uncontrolled in time and space. A fire is a disaster, which is often accompanied by the loss of life and irrecoverable material losses. By the strength of destruction, fires are among such natural disasters as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, mudflows, avalanches, landslides, although they are not such (i.e., natural disasters).

There are ~ 5 million fires on the planet every year, in which every thousandth inhabitant of the earth receives thermal damage. In about every 9 out of 10 fires, people are to blame. Thus, if a fire can be called an element, it is only an element of human behavior.

Only in Russia a year, figuratively speaking, an entire regional city “burns down” with all the shops, enterprises, infrastructure, etc. Every year the number of fires increases by 10%, and the death of people in them - by 12%. For example, in 1994, more than 20 thousand fires occurred in Russia, in which about 17 thousand people died. This is a kind of undeclared war! At the same time (according to H. Banbury) about 60 ... 80% of those killed in fires died from exposure to smoke and toxic gases.

With an increase in the height of buildings, the smoke rate of evacuation routes in them (staircases, elevator shafts, floor corridors) increases sharply.

Although, in addition to carbon monoxide, smoke contains other potentially toxic components (for example, X. Banburn lists more than 50 components released during the destructive distillation of wood), it almost always has a higher concentration, which makes it possible to associate most deaths with it (up to 40% of corpses contain carbon monoxide at autopsy).

At the same time, when assessing the toxicity of some substances released during a fire, one should take into account the possibility of acute poisoning due to an increase in their concentration even for a short time. According to E. Butcher, the dangerous concentration during short-term exposure is ~ 20 times higher than the maximum allowable concentration for prolonged exposure.

However, the effect of exposure to toxic gases largely depends on the mental and physical condition of people. It is well known that under the mental stress of a fire, even very low gas concentrations can lead to accident or death.

The main causes of fires in the Nizhny Novgorod region:

1 - careless handling of fire;

2 - malfunction of stoves and chimneys;

3 - prank children with fire;

4 - violation of the rules when firing stoves;

5 - household electrical appliances;

6 - arson;

7 - kerosene and gas appliances;

8 - malfunction of electrical equipment.

At the same time, a very common cause of death is drunken smoking (70 ... 80 people in the region die annually).

Fire safety can be ensured by fire prevention and active fire protection measures.

Table 15.1

Toxic components that can be released during combustion
various materials (E. Butcher)

P / p No.	Toxic gas or steam	Education source (material)
	Carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide), carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide)	All combustible materials containing carbon
	Nitrogen oxides	Celluloid, polyurethanes
	Hydrogen cyanide	Wood, silk, leather, plastics with nitrogen, cellulosic materials, viscose, cellulosic plastics
	Acrolein	Wood, paper
	sulphur dioxide	Rubber, thiokols
	Halogenated acids and other compounds (hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydrofluoric acids; phosgene)	PVC, flame retardant plastics, fluorinated plastics
	Ammonia	Melamine, nylon, urea, formaldehyde resins
	Aldehydes	Formaldehyde, wood, nylon, polyester resins
	Azo-bis-succinitrile	Styrofoam
	Components containing antimony	Some fire resistant plastics
	Benzene	Polystyrene
	Isocyanides	Polyurethane foam

15.1. General information about the combustion process. Terms and Definitions

Combustion is a chemical oxidation reaction that releases heat and light. For combustion to occur, three factors are needed: 1 - a combustible substance; 2 - oxidizing agent (oxygen, chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen oxides, etc.) and 3 - source of ignition (energy impulse) Depending on the rate of chemical oxidation of substances, a fire is distinguished (~ 10 m / s), explosion (~ 100 m / s) and detonation (~ 1000 m / s). The combustion process is divided into several types:

· Flash - rapid combustion of a combustible mixture, not accompanied by the formation of compressed gases;

· Explosion - a rapid transformation of matter (explosive combustion), accompanied by the release of energy and the formation of compressed gases capable of performing work;

· Detonation - an instant and destructive explosion caused by the explosion of another substance in contact with it or at a distance;

· Smoldering - burning without glow, usually identified by the appearance of smoke;

· Ignition - the occurrence of combustion under the influence of an ignition source;

· Ignition - ignition, accompanied by the appearance of a flame;

Spontaneous combustion - the phenomenon of a sharp increase in the rate of exothermic reactions before the combustion of a substance without an ignition source;

Self-ignition - spontaneous combustion with the appearance of a flame;

Flash point - the lowest (under the conditions of special tests) temperature of a combustible substance at which vapors and gases are formed above its surface, which can flash from an ignition source, but the rate of their formation is still insufficient for subsequent combustion;

· Ignition temperature - the temperature of a combustible substance at which it emits flammable vapors or gases at such a rate that after they are ignited from the ignition source, a stable combustion occurs.

· Smoldering temperature - the lowest temperature of a substance at which there is a sharp increase in the rate of exothermic reactions, resulting in smoldering;

· Flammable liquid (flammable liquid) - a liquid that can burn independently after removing the ignition source and has a flash point of no higher than 61 ° C; explosive include flammable liquids, in which the flash point does not exceed 61 o C, and the vapor pressure at 20 o C is less than 100 kPa (~ 1 atm);

· Combustible liquid (GZh) - a liquid capable of burning independently after removing the ignition source and having a flash point of more than 61 ° C; it refers to a fire hazard, but, heated in production conditions to a flash point and above, explosive;

· Flammable gases - are explosive at any ambient temperatures;

· Combustible dust and fibers - are classified as explosive if their lower concentration flammable limit (LEL) is not more than 65 g / m 3;

Upper and lower concentration limits of ignition (VKPV and NKVP) - respectively the maximum and minimum concentrations of combustible gases, flammable liquids vapors, dust or fibers in the air, above and below which an explosion will not occur even if there is a source of its initiation;

· Area of \u200b\u200bignition - the area between VKPV and NKPV. It depends on a number of factors: the power of the ignition source, the admixture of inert gases and vapors, the temperature and pressure of the combustible mixture.

Premises - a space enclosed on all sides (including with windows and doors), with a covering (overlap) and a floor (space under a canopy or enclosed by a mesh fence are not premises).

Outdoor installation - installation located outdoors (outside), open or under a canopy or behind mesh (lattice) structures.

Explosion hazardous area - a room or confined space in a room or outdoor installation, in which there are or may form explosive mixtures.

Explosion-proof electrical equipment is one in which constructive measures are provided to eliminate or hinder the possibility of ignition of its environment due to the operation of this electrical equipment.

General-purpose electrical equipment is one that is made without taking into account the requirements specific to certain operating conditions.

An intrinsically safe electrical circuit is an electrical circuit designed so that electrical discharge or heating cannot ignite an explosive atmosphere under the prescribed test conditions.

Safe Experimental Maximum Gap (BEMZ) - the maximum gap between the shell flanges, through which the transfer of the explosion from the shell to the environment does not pass at any concentration of the mixture in the air.

The fire hazard of substances is characterized by linear (m / s) and mass (g / s) combustion (flame propagation) rates, the limiting oxygen content at which combustion is still possible.

According to the degree of flammability, substances are divided into:

1) combustible (combustible) - when ignited by an extraneous source, they continue to burn after its removal;

2) hardly combustible (hardly combustible) - burn only if there is an ignition source;

3) non-combustible (non-combustible) - do not ignite even when exposed to sufficiently powerful impulses.

When choosing the type of building for a workshop, it is necessary to take into account its compliance with modern functional, technical, economic, architectural and artistic requirements.

Functional requirements are to ensure the normal functioning of the technological equipment located in the workshop, workplaces and the creation of favorable sanitary and hygienic working conditions and consumer services for workers.

Technical requirements consist in ensuring strength, stability, durability and in fire-prevention measures, as well as in the possibility of building a building using industrial methods.

Economic requirements pursue the goal of minimizing the cost of building and operating the building.

Architectural and artistic requirements provide for giving the building a beautiful architectural appearance.

When designing new shops of mechanical assembly production, it is recommended to locate production areas and auxiliary services in production (one- and multi-storey) buildings. Sanitary and amenity and office premises are usually located in an auxiliary (multi-storey) building attached to the main production facility, or in multi-storey inserts located perpendicular to the longitudinal wall of the production building.

Mechanical, assembly, MSC, IC, RMTs of medium, heavy and especially heavy engineering are located, as a rule, in one-story industrial buildings. These buildings can be frameless and frameless, single and multi-span, craneless and equipped with light or heavy cranes, with aeration lanterns and lampless, as well as windowless with artificial microclimate and lighting.

The main parameters of a frame-type building are the width of the spans and their number, the column spacing, the height of the spans, the length and width of the building (Fig. 5.1).

Span width - the distance between the axes of the longitudinally positioned columns.

Column step - the distance between the axes of the columns in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the span.

Span height - the distance from the floor level to the bottom of the bearing structures of the coatings on the support.

By the location of the supports, industrial buildings of span, cell and hall types are distinguished.

Span type characterized by the predominance of spans over the pitch of the columns (Fig. 5.1, a). Buildings of this type are used to accommodate industries with a longitudinal direction of technological flows.

Cell type buildings are characterized by a square or nearly square grid of columns (Fig. 5.1, b). Such buildings are used for industries with different flow directions. Lifting and transporting equipment can move in two mutually perpendicular directions. Floor and overhead transport are often used.

Building hall type used if necessary to provide a large internal space (Figure 5.1, c). The width of spans in such buildings reaches 100 m and more.

The unified dimensions of the spans, the column spacing and the height of one-story industrial buildings should be selected from Table. 5.10.

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

L \u003d W L \u003d W

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

L \u003d W // // // // // // // // // // L \u003d W

Figure: 5.1. Types of one-story industrial buildings:

a, b, c - respectively, span, cell, hall type.

Table 5.10

The main parameters of the unified typical sections

one-story industrial buildings of mechanical engineering

	Width, m	Span, m	Column step, m	Farms step, m	Height, m
Main sections for craneless buildings with overhead transport




Main sections for crane buildings




Additional sections for crane buildings

Workshops of medium and heavy machine building enterprises are located in one-story industrial buildings, which are assembled from main and additional unified standard sections (UTS).

The main sections (for longitudinal spans) are 144x72 m and 72x72 m; additional sections (for transverse spans) - 24x72 m, 48x72 m; 30x72 m. Column grids for single-storey multi-span buildings are 18x12 m and 24x12 m, where 12 is the column spacing, 18, 24 is the width of the spans.

Shorter spans are used for workshops with small-sized equipment. For industries with large-sized equipment, the span width can be increased to 30 or even to 36 m.

For assembly spans, additional (crane) sections are used with dimensions of 24x72 m 2, 48x72 m 2 and 30x72 m 2.

The most common TCBs with dimensions in terms of 144x72 m 2, with a grid of columns 12x18 and 12x24 m 2 are shown in Fig. 5.2.

In light engineering and instrument making, multi-storey industrial buildings are most widespread. Such buildings are composed of standardized standard sections with dimensions 48x24, 48x36 and 48x48 m. Typically, these buildings have from 2 to 5 floors with a grid of columns 6x6, 6x9, 9x9, 6x12, 6x18 and 6x24 m.

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

Figure: 5.2. The main unified typical sections of one-story

industrial buildings

The types and sizes of the main unified sections of multi-storey industrial buildings are shown in Fig. 5.3. Multi-storey buildings with a grid of columns 6x12, 6x18 and 6x24 m are widespread. Enlarged grids of columns increase the building's capacity by (8 ... 15)%. The width of the body is taken, as a rule, 24 m. An increase in the width of the building leads to poor illumination of the middle zone and possibly in the case of placing auxiliary and utility rooms in the middle spans, as well as when using combined lighting - natural near the outer walls and artificial in the middle of the building. The height of the building ranges from 3.6 m (for craneless floors) to 6 m (upper floors with bridge cranes) and even up to 7.2 m (lower floors).

Premises for sanitary, administrative and cultural services for workers and employees at machine-building plants are located in annexes to production buildings in detached buildings or directly in production facilities. The latter is undesirable due to the high cost of 1 m 2 of production area and the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions, which are difficult to implement according to SNiP 2.09.04-87. The annexes are adjacent either from the end walls or from the side of the longitudinal walls. The first option is presumed (Fig. 5.4).

In some cases, sanitary and household and office premises are located in basements or semi-basements, on mezzanines, free production areas, in interfarm space, in special superstructures above the production building, which is also undesirable.

In connection with the maximum blocking of buildings, it is widely practiced to place office and sanitary premises in inserts, which are located in the places of the transverse and longitudinal expansion joints of the section (Figure 5.4, c).

Space-planning solutions for the office and sanitary premises of attached or detached auxiliary buildings are unified (SN and P 2.09.04-87. Administrative and utility buildings). They are assembled from UTS 36, 48, 60 m long and 12 or 18 m wide (Figure 5.5). These TCBs are based on grids of columns (6 + 6) x6 m or (6 + 6 + 6) x6 m.For detached auxiliary buildings, a grid of columns (6 + 6 + 6) x6 m is most often used.

Auxiliary buildings for the placement of office and sanitary premises of the workshop are usually built with 2 ... 4 storeys (floor height - 3.3 m), which ensures the maximum approximation of general workshop services to production areas. Free space (on the upper floors) is used to accommodate general plant and general building services.

Figure 5.3. Main unified standard sections of multi-storey industrial buildings

A) - Two-span, three-story craneless;

B) - two-span, four-story craneless;

B) - N-span three-story craneless;

D) - N-span four-storey craneless;

D) - N-span five-storey craneless;

E) - two-span, three-story with an overhead crane;

G) - two-span, four-story with an overhead crane;

З) - three-span, three-storeyed with an overhead crane;

I) - three-span, four-story with an overhead crane;

K) - three-span, five-story with an overhead crane;

L) - three-span, three-story with an overhead crane;

M) - three-span, four-storey with an overhead crane;

H) - three-span, five-story with an overhead crane.

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕

462 193 500 193 500

Figure: 5.4. Layouts of household premises (shaded):

a) - an extension to the end of the workshop; b) - an extension to the longitudinal side of the workshop; c) - diagram of the plan of the main building of AvtoVAZ: 1 - body painting shop; 2- body shop; 3 - metal coating workshop; 4- reinforcement and radiator shop; 5- upholstery workshop; 6- engine manufacturing and assembly shop; 7- chassis and gearbox workshop; 8- automatic shop; 9 - repair base; 10-wheeled shop.

Figure: 5.5. Space-planning solutions (TCB) of administrative buildings (composed of TCBs 36, 48, 60 m long and 12 or 18 m wide. These TCBs are based on grids of columns (6 + 6) x6 m or (6 + 6 + 6 ) x6 m.For detached auxiliary buildings, a grid of columns (6 + 6 + 6) x6 m is most often used.)

Figure: 5.6. Layout diagram of mechanical and assembly shops (or sections of the MSC):

a) and b) - the assembly shop (section) is located perpendicular to the machining lines, respectively, at the end or middle of the body during the spans of the mechanical shop (section);

c) and d) - the assembly shop is located in a separate span, respectively, perpendicularly or parallel to the spans of the machine shops.