1. What is economic informatics? What is the place of education in it?
Informatics is the science of information, how it is collected, stored, processed and provided using computer technology. The subject of computer science is both computers and Information Systems.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business. The object of economic informatics is information systems that provide the solution of entrepreneurial and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects).
An information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that collect, store, process and issue information to ensure the preparation and decision-making.
The task of the discipline is the study theoretical foundations computer science and the acquisition of skills in the use of applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and local computer networks.
The subject of the discipline is ways to automate information processes using economic data.
Education occupies an important place in economic informatics, because this science does not stand still and new technologies are constantly emerging that require special knowledge. Constant training is needed. There is the possibility of distance learning.
2. What is information technology? What do they consist of and how do they relate to the information being processed?
Computer Science and Information Technology
Reasoning about the qualitative change in the role that information began to play both in the life of society as a whole and in the life of individuals can be found on the pages of scientific, journalistic and even fiction. We will try to summarize in a concise way what these changes were most clearly expressed in:
First, over the past decades, there has been a constant acceleration in the growth of the volume of information. Briefly and concisely this situation was formulated in the form of a thesis: "Information is the only non-decreasing resource of society."
The consequence of this state of affairs was a quantitative barrier in the processes of information processing: roughly speaking, sometimes there is no point in collecting and storing information, since there are still no possibilities for its processing and rational use;
secondly, the proportion of communication problems has increased (distortion and loss of information in the process of transmission);
thirdly, serious difficulties are caused by the presence of interlingual, geographical, administrative, terminological and other barriers;
fourthly, the practical application of information often becomes impossible due to its chaotic dispersal among various sources (the so-called information scattering).
The work to solve these problems ultimately led to the allocation of an independent scientific discipline - informatics, the subject of which was the properties of information, its behavior in technogenic, social and biological systems, as well as methods and technologies focused on the collection, processing, storage, transmission and distribution information, or, briefly, information technology (IT).
This formulation of the subject of informatics is not the only one. Quite popular is the definition, according to which, "Informatics is the science of describing, representing, interpreting, formalizing and applying knowledge accumulated with the help of computer technology in order to obtain new knowledge." In addition, we point out that the very use of the term "computer science" to refer to the corresponding field of scientific knowledge is not generally recognized. In particular, in the United States, the term "computer science" (or less often "computing") is much more often used to name this area.
A feature of IT in comparison with traditional technologies is a qualitatively different scope of their application. First of all, this is due to their universal Character. The downside of this "universalism" is the difficulty that arises when creating formal descriptions information technologies. Such attempts are not always successful. Traditionally, there are several levels of IT representation: conceptual, at the level of information flows, at the level of tools, and some others.
The general scheme of the information process cycle, which should be covered by the appropriate technologies, is shown in fig. 1.1.
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Rice. 1.1. General block diagram of the information process cycle
The development of IT has resulted in the processes of global informatization of society. The latter means that more and more of its members are involved in professional activities within the information industries of the economy, the share of which is steadily increasing. Over the past ten to fifteen years, there have been significant changes in the structure of the market for software and hardware for computer technology. It is largely transforming from a product and service market into a technology market.
Information Technology
Technology is understood as a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, material or semi-finished products, carried out in the production process. This is the highest ability to do something. When talking about information technology, the material is information. As a product - also information. But this is qualitatively new information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon. The technology is represented by methods and ways of working with information of personnel and technical devices.
Information technology is a set of methods, production processes and software and hardware tools combined in a technological chain that provides the collection, processing, storage, distribution and display of information in order to reduce the complexity of the processes of using an information resource, increase their reliability and efficiency, rational organization of one or more other rather frequently repeated information process. At the same time, savings in labor, energy or material resources necessary for the implementation of this process are achieved.
Information technology, like any other, must meet the following requirements:
1. provide a high degree of dismemberment of the entire information processing process into stages (phases), operations, actions;
2. include the entire set of elements necessary to achieve the goal;
3. have a regular character, i.e. stages, actions, operations of the technological process can be standardized and unified, which allows more efficient targeted management of information processes.
The main properties of information technologies that are of strategic importance for the development of modern society
Among the distinctive properties of information technologies that are of strategic importance for the development of society, it seems appropriate to single out the following seven most important ones:
1. Information technologies make it possible to activate and effectively use the information resources of society, which today are the most important strategic factor in its development. Activation, dissemination and effective use information resources(scientific knowledge, discoveries, inventions, technologies, best practices) allow you to get significant savings in other types of resources - raw materials, energy, minerals, materials and equipment, human resources and social time.
2. Information technology makes it possible to optimize and in many cases automate information processes that, in last years occupy an increasing place in the life of human society. It is well known that the development of civilization takes place in the direction of becoming information society, in which the objects and results of the labor of the majority of the employed population are no longer material values but mainly information and scientific knowledge. At present, most developed countries already a large part of the employed population in their activities is to some extent connected with the processes of preparation, storage, processing and transmission of information and therefore is forced to master and practically use information technologies corresponding to these processes.
3. Information processes are important elements of other more complex production or social processes. Therefore, very often information technologies act as components of the corresponding production or social technologies. At the same time, they, as a rule, implement the most important, "intelligent" functions of these technologies. Typical examples are computer-aided design systems for industrial products, flexible automated and robotic production, automated control systems. technological processes and so on.
4. Information technology today plays an extremely important role in ensuring information interaction between people, as well as in systems for the preparation and dissemination mass media. In addition to the already traditional means of communication (such as telephone, telegraph, radio and television), electronic communications systems are increasingly used in the social sphere, Email, facsimile transmission of information and other types of telematic communication. These funds are quickly assimilated by the culture of our society, as they not only create convenience, but also remove many production, social and domestic problems caused by the processes of globalization and integration of the world community, the expansion of domestic and international economic and cultural ties, population migration and its increasingly dynamic moving around the planet.
5. Information technologies today occupy a central place in the process of intellectualization of society, the development of its educational system and culture. In almost all developed and in many developing countries computer and television equipment, learning programs on optical discs such as CD-ROM and multimedia (technologies are already becoming familiar attributes not only of higher educational institutions, but also of ordinary schools of primary and secondary education. The use of educational information technologies has proven to be a very effective method for self-education systems, continuing education, as well as for systems for advanced training and retraining of personnel.
Multimedia technologies have become the technical basis for a rapidly developing new direction in art - screen art. Tens of thousands of optical computer disks of the CD-ROM type have already been created and are being industrially replicated, popularizing the masterpieces of world culture, which were previously available for acquaintance only through direct visits to museums, palaces, art galleries, and art exhibitions. At the same time, it is possible to combine in a general thematic plan not only colorful and sufficiently detailed images of works of architecture, sculpture and painting, but also to accompany these images with multifaceted reference text information, as well as musical works corresponding to a particular topic, television and animated films. All this creates a rather strong emotional impact on the viewer, develops his artistic taste and at the same time makes it possible to obtain the necessary knowledge in the field of culture, art, and the history of mankind.
The possibilities of this direction in the development of information technologies are so promising that it is quite reasonable to speak of the emergence of a whole new direction in the field of culture - screen culture.
6. Information technologies now play a key role also in the processes of acquiring and accumulating new knowledge. At the same time, the traditional methods of information support of scientific research through the accumulation, classification and dissemination of scientific and technical information are being replaced by new methods based on the use of newly opened opportunities for information support of fundamental and applied sciences, which are provided by modern information technologies.
First of all, methods of information modeling of the processes and phenomena studied by science are singled out here, allowing the scientist to conduct a kind of "computational experiment". In this case, the experimental conditions can be chosen such that often cannot be practically implemented under the conditions of a full-scale experiment due to their great complexity, high cost, or danger to the experimenter. This direction, actively developed by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.A. Samara, has already received well-deserved recognition not only from domestic, but also from foreign scientists.
The second promising direction is artificial intelligence methods that allow finding solutions to poorly formalized problems, as well as problems with incomplete information and fuzzy initial data. At the same time, the logic of the automated search for a solution to the class of problems described above begins to approach those procedures that are used by the human brain.
The third promising direction is the methods of the so-called cognitive computer graphics. With the help of these methods, which make it possible to figuratively represent various mathematical formulas and regularities, it has already been possible to prove several very complex theorems in number theory. In addition, their use, apparently, opens up new opportunities for a person to know himself, the principles of the functioning of his consciousness - this most complex and secret secret of the universe.
Economic information is usually divided into the following main features:
management functions (use),
place of occurrence.
According to management functions, economic information is divided into planning, accounting, normative and reference, reporting and statistical.
Planned information includes directive values of planned and controlled planning indicators for a certain period in the future (five-year, year, quarter, month, day). For example, output in physical and monetary terms, planned demand for products and profit from its sale, etc.
Account information reflects the actual values of planned indicators for a certain period of time. Based on this information, planning information can be adjusted, an analysis of the organization's activities can be carried out, and decisions can be made on more efficient management of the organization. The information of natural (operational) accounting, accounting, financial accounting acts as accounting information.
For example, accounting information is: the number of parts of a given item manufactured by a worker per shift (operational accounting), the worker's wages for manufacturing a part (accounting), the actual cost of manufacturing a product (accounting and financial accounting).
Reference information contains various reference and normative data related to production processes and relationships. This is the most voluminous and diverse type of information. Suffice it to say that in the total amount of information circulating in the organization, regulatory and reference information is 50–60%.
Examples of regulatory and reference information can serve as: technological standards for the manufacture of parts, assemblies, products as a whole; cost standards (rates, tariffs, prices), reference data on suppliers and consumers of products, etc.
Reporting and statistical information reflects the results of the actual activities of the organization for higher management bodies, state statistics bodies, tax office etc. For example, the annual accounting report on the activities of the organization.
The classification of economic information by management levels (place of origin) includes input and output information.
input information- this is information that enters the organization (structural unit) from the outside and is used as primary information for the implementation of economic and managerial functions and management tasks.
Imprint is information that flows from one system to another. One and the same information can be input for one structural subdivision as its consumer, and output - for the subdivision that produces it.
At the same time, the form of presentation of economic information can be: alphanumeric (text) - in the form of sets of alphabetic, numeric and special characters and graphic - in the form of graphs, diagrams, drawings, and the physical information carrier - paper, magnetic or optical disk, image on display screen.
The most essential properties of economic information are:
semantic content of messages;
variety of data presentation forms;
large amount of data;
discrete values and data structuring;
requirements for the quality of information, etc.
In the light of the ideas of semiotics (the science of signs), the concept of information and its properties can be considered in three aspects:
syntactic,
semantic,
pragmatic.
Syntactic aspect associated with the consideration of the form and environment for the presentation of information: a document, a machine medium, computer memory - with an assessment of the volume of processed and stored information, the establishment of transformation rules and the choice of data format, etc. Information at the syntactic level is traditionally called data.
On semantic level, structural units of information are formed - economic indicators, the structure is designed Database(an integrated set of interrelated data), the content of documents and the workflow scheme are determined. The semantic aspect requires understanding content information.
Pragmatic the aspect of information is related to the assessment of the quality and usefulness of information for making managerial decisions. The quality of information is considered at the level of an economic indicator. It is a combination of the following properties:
Representativeness information - methodical correctness of the formation of economic information: highlighting the most significant features and relationships of objects, events, phenomena; measurement, selection of the correct algorithms for the formation of calculated indicators.
Necessity and sufficiency(completeness) of information for making a managerial decision.
Relevance information - the preservation of the usefulness of information over time.
Availability and timeliness obtaining information.
Accuracy information at the level of individual economic indicators.
Reliability information - displaying the true value within the required accuracy with a given probability.
Value information - assessment of the impact of the indicator on the efficiency of the system, etc.
Information in the management system is seen as a “management resource” of great strategic importance. Information resources are largely interchangeable in relation to material, financial or labor resources. The organizational form of information resources, the amount of information, its quality affect the effectiveness of management. Currently, the most widespread forms of organization of information resources in the form of:
collections of documents, file cabinets for manual filling and searching;
subject databases on machine media;
integrated databases for collective use using computer networks, including the INTERNET;
knowledge bases that provide new information based on a system of inference rules.
Economic Information- characterizes production relations in society (economic information about resources, management processes, financial processes). Properties: alpha-civr characters, val volume and post characters; discreteness, heterogeneity, persistence, reusability, long shelf life, change)
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
object economic informatics are information systems that provide a solution to entrepreneurial and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is effective management. economic system.
Item: technology and stages of development of systems for automated processing of economic information and justification for the feasibility of such processing, functional analysis of the subject area, algorithmic representation of the problem and its software implementation.
Peculiarities: representation and reflection in the form of first and consolidated documents, repetition of stages of processing information, the predominance of arithms and log operations in the process of processing
Analysis and design of business processes. Functional modeling, which describes the sequence of operations of a business process, as well as modeling the data used in it.
Analysis and design of enterprise information systems architecture. Here, the model apparatus is somewhat wider, along with the modeling of functions and data, it includes engineering methods for analyzing and predicting IS performance, statistical tools, economic analysis, etc.
Improving IP management solved by methods of management theory, including methods of operations research, organization theory, logistics, etc. Methods and models of project management are of great importance.
Analysis and improvement of the economic efficiency of IP various methods of economic analysis are used. Currently, we are talking about neoclassical tools, new institutional economics and management theory.
15. Technology. Information Technology. Information processes.
Technology- a set of methods, processes and materials used in any industry, as well as a scientific description of the methods of technical production.
Information Technology (information technology, IT)– a wide class of disciplines and areas of activity related to control and data processing technologies using computer technology.
information process - the process of obtaining, creating, collecting, processing, accumulating, storing, searching, distributing, using information.
Coding (recording to a media), signal transmission over a communication channel, decoding (converting to a received code), code processing.
Characteristic features of modern IT are:
Less processing labor, more quality;
the interactive nature of information processing, a wide range of users and the collective nature of work with information and computing resources;
providing a single IT information space, collective work with information and computing resources based on computer networks and telecommunications systems;
support for multi-environment (multimedia) IT, paperless technology.
Information technology can be divided into classes:
1. General purpose IT (working with text documents, calculations in spreadsheets, maintaining databases, working with computer graphics, etc.).
2. Method-oriented IT, providing the use of special models and algorithms for solving problems (mathematical apparatus, statistics, project management, etc.).
3. Problem-oriented IT, taking into account the specifics of the subject area, information needs of users.
Information technologies are developing in the following areas: computer technology; means of communication and communication; software; methodology for organizing design work to create IS.
IT development is connected with:
progress in the field of data processing hardware (computers, information carriers, means of communication and communications, etc.), industrial technologies for the production of the element base of computers;
development of methods and tools for software development, methods for storing and retrieving data on machine media;
16. Information society. Informatization of society at the present time. The concept of the information society was formed at the end of the 20th century, it is closely related to the concept of a post-industrial society, a new phase in the development of our entire civilization. Distinctive features of the information society: Information/knowledge is the main product of production; increase in employment in IT, communications and services; continuous informatization (Internet, TV), globalization of the information space; the growth of the role of the individual in the management of social and eco-relations, the development of digital markets, e-democracy/state
Project "Information Society" of the Russian Federation: e-government, improving the quality of life of citizens, overcoming the digital divide, security, digital content for museums and archives, developing the ICT market
Informatization is a complex social process associated with significant changes in the way of life of the population. It requires serious efforts in many areas, including the elimination of computer illiteracy, the formation of a culture of using new information technologies, etc.
The driving force behind the development of society should be the production of information, not a material product. In the information society, not only production is changing, but the whole way of life, the system of values, the importance of cultural leisure in relation to material values is increasing. In the information society, intellect and knowledge are produced and consumed, which leads to an increase in the share of mental labor. The ability to be creative will be required from a person, the demand for knowledge is increasing. The material and technological base of the society's information will be various kinds of systems based on computer technology and computer networks, information technology, and telecommunications.
Informatization of society- an organized socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting information needs and exercising the rights of citizens, public authorities, local governments, organizations, public associations based on the formation and use of information resources.
The purpose of informatization is to improve the quality of life of people by increasing productivity and facilitating their working conditions.
The main criteria for the development of the information society are the following:
Availability of computers; level of development of computer networks Possession of information culture, i.e. knowledge and skills in the field of information technology
Kyiv National Economic University
Introduction.
Always and in all spheres of his activity, a person made decisions. An important area of decision-making is related to production. The larger the volume of production, the more difficult it is to make a decision and, therefore, it is easier to make a mistake. A natural question arises: is it possible to use a computer to avoid such errors? The answer to this question is given by a science called cybernetics.
Cybernetics (derived from the Greek "kybernetike" - the art of management) is the science of the general laws of receiving, storing, transmitting and processing information.
The most important branch of cybernetics is economic cybernetics - a science that deals with the application of ideas and methods of cybernetics to economic systems.
Economic cybernetics uses a set of methods for studying management processes in the economy, including economic and mathematical methods.
At present, the use of computers in production management has reached a large scale. However, in most cases, with the help of computers, so-called routine tasks are solved, that is, tasks related to the processing of various data, which, before the use of computers, were solved in the same way, but manually. Another class of problems that can be solved with the help of computers are decision-making problems. To use a computer for decision-making, it is necessary to make a mathematical model.
Is it necessary to use computers when making decisions?
Human capabilities are quite diverse. If they are ordered, then two types can be distinguished: physical and mental. Man is so arranged that what he possesses is not enough for him. And the endless process of increasing its capabilities begins. To raise more, one of the first inventions appears - a lever, to make it easier to move the load - the wheel. For the time being, only the energy of the person himself is used in these tools. Over time, application begins external sources energy: gunpowder, steam, electricity, atomic energy. It is impossible to estimate how much the energy used from external sources exceeds the physical capabilities of a person today. As for the mental faculties of a person, then, as they say, everyone is dissatisfied with his condition, but satisfied with his mind. Is it possible to make a person smarter than he is? To answer this question, it should be clarified that all human intellectual activity can be divided into formalizable and non-formalizable.
Formalizable is an activity that is performed according to certain rules. For example, the performance of calculations, searches in directories, graphic work, undoubtedly, can be entrusted to a computer. And like everything that a computer can do, it does it better, that is, faster and better than a person.
Non-formalizable is such an activity that occurs with the application of any rules unknown to us. Thinking, reasoning, intuition, common sense - we still do not know what it is, and naturally, all this cannot be entrusted to a computer, if only because we simply do not know what to entrust, what task to put before a computer.
Decision making is a kind of mental activity. It is generally accepted that decision-making is a non-formalized activity. However, this is not always the case. On the one hand, we do not know how we make a decision. And the explanation of some words with the help of others like "we make a decision with the help of common sense" does not give anything. On the other hand, a significant number of decision-making tasks can be formalized. One of the types of decision-making problems that can be formalized are optimal decision-making problems, or optimization problems. The optimization problem is solved with the help of mathematical models and the use of computer technology.
Modern computers meet the highest requirements. They are capable of performing millions of operations per second, they can have everything in their memory. necessary information, the display-keyboard combination provides a dialogue between a person and a computer. However, one should not confuse successes in the creation of computers with advances in the field of their application. In fact, all that a computer can do is, according to a program given by a person, ensure the transformation of the initial data into a result. It must be clearly understood that the computer does not and cannot make decisions. The decision can only be made by a person-manager, endowed with certain rights for this. But for a competent manager, a computer is an excellent assistant, able to develop and offer a set of various solutions. And from this set, a person will choose the option that, from his point of view, will be more suitable. Of course, not all decision-making problems can be solved with the help of a computer. Nevertheless, even if the solution of a problem on a computer does not end with complete success, it still turns out to be useful, since it contributes to a deeper understanding of this problem and its more rigorous formulation.
Solution steps.
Task selection
Building a model
Drawing up an algorithm
Programming
Entering initial data
Analysis of the resulting solution
In order for a person to make a decision without a computer, often nothing is needed. I thought and decided. A person, good or bad, solves all the problems that arise before him. True, there are no guarantees of correctness in this case. The computer does not make any decisions, but only helps to find solutions. This process consists of the following steps:
1. Selecting a task.
Solving a problem, especially a rather complex one, is a rather difficult task that requires a lot of time. And if the task is chosen unsuccessfully, then this can lead to loss of time and disappointment in the use of computers for decision-making. What are the basic requirements that the task must satisfy?
There must be at least one solution to it, because if there are no solutions, then there is nothing to choose from.
We must clearly know in what sense the desired solution should be the best, because if we do not know what we want, the computer will help us choose best solution can not.
The choice of the task is completed by its substantive formulation. It is necessary to clearly formulate the problem in ordinary language, highlight the purpose of the study, indicate the limitations, raise the main questions that we want to get answers as a result of solving the problem.
Here we should highlight the most significant features of the economic object, the most important dependencies that we want to take into account when building a model. Some hypotheses for the development of the object of study are formed, the identified dependencies and relationships are studied. When a task is selected and its meaningful statement is made, one has to deal with specialists in the subject area (engineers, technologists, designers, etc.). These specialists, as a rule, know their subject very well, but do not always have an idea of what is required to solve a problem on a computer. Therefore, the meaningful formulation of the problem often turns out to be oversaturated with information that is completely unnecessary for working on a computer.
2. Compilation of the model
An economic-mathematical model is understood as a mathematical description of the studied economic object or process, in which economic patterns expressed in an abstract form using mathematical relationships.
The basic principles for compiling a model boil down to the following two concepts:
When formulating the problem, it is necessary to cover the phenomenon being modeled sufficiently broadly. Otherwise, the model will not give a global optimum and will not reflect the essence of the matter. The danger is that the optimization of one part can be carried out at the expense of others and to the detriment of common organization.
The model should be as simple as possible. The model must be such that it can be evaluated, tested and understood, and the results obtained from the model must be clear to both its creator and the decision maker.
In practice, these concepts often conflict, primarily because there is a human element involved in data collection and entry, error checking, and interpretation of results, which limits the size of the model that can be satisfactorily analyzed. The size of the model is used as a limiting factor, and if we want to increase the breadth of coverage, then we have to decrease the detail and vice versa.
Let's introduce the concept of model hierarchy, where breadth increases and detail decreases as we move to higher levels of the hierarchy. At higher levels, in turn, restrictions and goals are formed for more low levels.
When building a model, it is also necessary to take into account the time aspect: the planning horizon mainly increases with the growth of the hierarchy. If the long-term planning model of the entire corporation can contain few everyday day-to-day details, then the production planning model a separate division consists mainly of such details.
When formulating a task, the following three aspects should be taken into account:
Factors under study: The objectives of the study are rather loosely defined and depend heavily on what is included in the model. In this regard, it is easier for engineers, since the factors they study are usually standard, and the objective function is expressed in terms of maximum income, minimum costs, or, possibly, minimum consumption of some resource. At the same time, sociologists, for example, usually set themselves the goal of "public utility" or something like that, and find themselves in the difficult position of having to attribute a certain "utility" to various actions, expressing it in mathematical form.
Physical boundaries: The spatial aspects of the study require detailed consideration. If production is concentrated in more than one point, then it is necessary to take into account the corresponding distribution processes in the model. These processes may include warehousing, transportation, and equipment load scheduling tasks.
specialty "Professional education". Quantity
lecture hours - 16. Number of lectures - 8.
Lecture 1. Theoretical foundations of economic informatics
1.1 Object, subject, methods and tasks of economic informatics
There are many definitions of computer science. Informatics is the science of information, how it is collected, stored, processed and provided using computer technology. Computer science is an applied discipline that studies the structure and general properties of scientific information, etc. Computer science consists of three interrelated components: computer science as a fundamental science, as an applied discipline and as a branch of production.
The main objects of informatics are:
Information;
General theoretical foundations of computer science:
Information;
Number systems;
Coding;
Algorithms.
The structure of modern informatics:
1. Theoretical computer science.
2. Computer technology.
3. Programming.
4. Information systems.
5. Artificial intelligence.
Economic informatics is the science of information systems used to prepare and make decisions in management, economics and business.
The object of economic informatics are information systems that provide a solution to entrepreneurial and organizational problems that arise in economic systems (economic objects). That is, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system.
Information system is a set of software and hardware, methods and people that provide the collection, storage, processing and issuance of information to ensure the preparation and decision-making. The main components of information systems used in the economy include: software and hardware, business applications and information systems management. The purpose of information systems is to create a modern information infrastructure to manage the company.
Subject of discipline– technologies, ways of automating information processes using economic data.
The task of discipline– studying the theoretical foundations of computer science and acquiring skills in using applied systems for processing economic data and programming systems for personal computers and computer networks.
Basic concepts of data, information, knowledge.
TO basic concepts that are used in economic informatics include: data, information and knowledge. These concepts are often used as synonyms, but there are fundamental differences between these concepts.
The term data comes from the word data - fact, and information (informatio) means clarification, presentation, i.e. information or message.
Data is a collection of information recorded on a specific medium in a form suitable for permanent storage, transmission and processing. Transforming and processing data allows you to get information.
Information is the result of data transformation and analysis. The difference between information and data is that data is fixed information about events and phenomena that are stored on certain media, and information appears as a result of data processing in solving specific problems. For example, databases store various data, and upon a certain request, the database management system issues the required information.
There are other definitions of information, for example, information is information about objects and phenomena environment, their parameters, properties and state, which reduce the degree of uncertainty and incompleteness of knowledge about them.
Knowledge- this is the processed information recorded and verified by practice, which has been used and can be reused for decision-making.
Knowledge is a type of information that is stored in a knowledge base and reflects the knowledge of a specialist in a particular subject area. Knowledge is intellectual capital.
Formal knowledge can be in the form of documents (standards, regulations) that regulate decision-making or textbooks, instructions describing how to solve problems. Informal knowledge is the knowledge and experience of specialists in a particular subject area.
It should be noted that there are no universal definitions of these concepts (data, information, knowledge), they are interpreted in different ways. Decisions are made on the basis of the information received and the available knowledge.
Making decisions- this is the choice of the best solution in a certain sense from the set of feasible solutions based on the available information. The relationship of data, information and knowledge in the decision-making process is shown in the figure.
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So, the object of economic informatics is economic information systems, the ultimate goal of which is the effective management of the economic system. Thus, the main purpose of the information system is the creation of a modern infrastructure for managing an enterprise, organization, institution.
The variety of tasks solved with the help of IS has led to the emergence of many different types of systems that differ in the principles of construction and the rules of information processing embedded in them. Information systems can classify across a range of different characteristics.
Classification of information systems on the basis of structured tasks.
There are three types of tasks for which information systems are created:
Structured (formalizable);
Unstructured (non-formalizable);
Partially structured.
A structured (formalizable) task is a task where all its elements and the relationships between them are known.
An unstructured (non-formalizable) task is a task in which it is impossible to single out elements and establish links between them.
Information systems for partially structured tasks. Information systems used to solve partially structured tasks are divided into two types, creating management reports and focused mainly on data processing; developing possible alternative solutions.
Classification of the information systems market according to the scale of the system:
Local systems (1C, BEST, Info - Accountant, etc.)
Small integrated systems (Skala, Parus, Galaxy and others)
Medium integrated systems (MFG-PRO and others)
Large integrated systems (SAP/R3 others)
Classification of systems, which is based on the classification of business tasks.
Principles of classification of management information systems:
1. Level of strategic management (3 - 5 years)
2. Level of medium-term management (1 - 1.5 years)
3. Level of operational management (month - quarter - half a year)
2. Business applications (application programs):
Local information systems (1C: Accounting, Infin, Parus, etc.);
Small information systems (1C: Enterprise, Parus, Galaxy, etc.);
Medium information systems (PEOPLE SOFT, BAAN, SCALA, etc.);
Integrated management systems (ERP).
3. Information systems management is designed to manage and support enterprise information processes (personnel management, development, quality, security, operational management, etc.)
Thus, information systems, which are considered in economic informatics, consist of three main components:
Information technologies (hardware and software of computers, telecommunications, data);
Functional subsystems (production, accounting and finance, sales, marketing, personnel) and business applications (application programs for solving business problems);
Information systems management (personnel, users, IP development, finance)
Currently, the most appropriate way to build an economic information system is to use ready-made solutions that are implemented in the form of ready-made application programs.
Lecture 3
Introduction to the economics of information technology.
Organization- stable, formal social structure, which receives resources from the outside world and processes them into products of its activities.
The tasks of the information system are to ensure the decision-making process.
Information- information about the surrounding world, which reduces the existing degree of uncertainty.
The information is separate from the user, it can be accepted by the user or not. Information is transmitted through channels. Organizations exist in the information field.
Properties of the information society:
openness
Democracy
culture
Availability
Economic Information - a set of information about the social - economic processes office workers to manage the house. processes.
Characteristics of economic information:
Amount of information
Information integrity
cyclicality
Specific weight of values
Information resources of the enterprise– individual documents or arrays about information systems.
Information technology- a system of methods and ways of collecting, accumulating, processing, transmitting, storing information.
Information technologies provide human activity. Automated information technologies presuppose the existence of technical means, the implementation of information processes, and a system for managing technical processes.
The purpose of information technology is to receive, process, transfer new information to the user. Its task is to improve the ways of processing, receiving and transmitting information.
Characteristics of information technology
Methodology | signs | Result |
Improve information processing method (algorithm) | New technology communications |
|
Improvement of the integral technological system | Changing functions of users (specialists) | New Information Processing Technology |
Interface improvement and information storage | Increasing the flow of the information environment | New technological solutions |
Information system from the point of view of a managed information system (information system as a control object)
Control object | Operational level | tactical level | Strategic level |
Information Systems | Department manager and functional manager | Project Managers | Directors, top managers |
Functions of information systems
In finance and accounting:
Formation of the company's budget (1C)
Financial plan
Financial projections
Analysis and control
In marketing:
Sales management
Logistics (Shipping)
Analysis, control
Market research
In manufacturing information system:(ERM)
Quality control
Production planning
Production technology
External control
Strategic management
Information technology products
1. Information (data, knowledge, software)
2. Communication, means of communication, transmission
3. Product oriented user (specific information conveyed to the user)
Consumers of the information technology market:
Legal
They are divided according to the type of system (line of activity)
Social division (segmentation)
Information threshold (critical)
Change in production volumes, deliveries
Changing the cost structure of an enterprise
Change in performance indicators of the enterprise
The accumulation of a critical mass is the basis for changing the information system.
The evolution of information systems
Concepts | Types of information systems | ||
Formation of paperless workflow | Document processing information systems for accounting machines, electromechanical accounting machines | Increasing the speed of workflow |
|
Design functions, machines began to support the goals of companies (economic planning). Calculation of cash flow discounts. | Control systems | Acceleration of reporting systems (economic) |
|
Management control | Decision support systems (a prototype of an expert system), since there were no networks yet. Users are focused on the goals of top management. | Development of rational solutions |
|
The era of computer technology (Intranet, ExtraNet). Formation of information fields | Strategic Information Systems | Ensuring competitiveness |
|
Classification of computer technologies
Types of processed information | Knowledge (oral) | ||||
Types of information technology | Text editors | GPUs | Medium integrated systems | Large integrated systems |
|
1C (accounting systems) | Scale economic component of the company and the production system of small enterprises Galaxy\Sail |
ORACLE Application |
Decision-making system - an interactive, automated system that uses decision rules and the correspondence of the model with the database, as well as an interactive computer modeling process that supports the adoption of independent and non-structural decisions (i.e. simple) by individual decision-makers to obtain specific implementable solutions to problems .
Class I decision-making system - performs the largest number of functional decisions of the enterprise (electronic turnover).
II systems for individual use. Structural decisions are made by a small group of people.
III Calculated for a specific performer, for example, Excel
Differences between expert systems and decision making system.
DDS decision system | Expert system |
|
Solution support | Imitation of the work of an expert |
|
Who Makes the Decisions | Managers | |
Orientation | Making decisions | Transfer of information, replication to user groups |
Support objects | Consumer groups | Consumer groups |
Information used | Numerical representation | Symbols (symbol representation) |
Task type | Unique Challenges | Repetitive Information |
Actual | Procedural (discrete values) |
Example of Creating and Defining Opportunities