2. Economy 2.1. Economics and economic science Economics - 1) economy in the broad sense of the word, i.e. the totality of natural and anthropogenic means, objects and processes used by people in order to ensure the conditions for existence and satisfy their

Economics See also "Business" (p. 12); " Money turnover"(p. 139); "Market" (p. 145); "Trade" (p. 183) Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources. From the book "Peter Quotes" (1977) Economics (...) is not just a science of using

1. Economics at the profile level

The high school model provides for specialized education. Profile education is focused on creating opportunities for continuing education in accordance with the interests of a high school student, his inclinations and the ability to decide on a future profession.

In the 2014-2015 academic year, specialized groups were organized in grades 10-11: physical and mathematical and socio-economic areas.

Information on the organization of specialized education in the 2014-2015 academic year in grades 10-11 is presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Information about the organization of specialized training

in 2014-2015 academic year

The subject "Economics" in the 2014-2015 academic year was taught in curriculum for educational institutions: Basics economic theory and the textbook of the profile level by S.I. Ivanov "Economics" in 2 books in the amount of 2 hours once a week for grades 10.11 of the socio-economic profile, 1 hour per week for students in grades 10-11 of the physical and mathematical profile. Elective courses "Main Issues of Economics" and "Main Sections of Economics" were held in the amount of 1 hour per week for students of grades 10, 11 of the socio-economic profile. The total number of hours for students in the socio-economic profile in the 10th grade - 68 hours per year, at 11 - 66 hours per year

To assess the quality of the educational process in the subject of economics, the following indicators were used: the average score in the subject, the quality of learning, academic performance, degree of learning (SDA). Monitoring the results of students' learning in the subject of economics shows that 100% of students master the subject, the quality of knowledge is characterized by a growth trend (from 92% to 100%),

table 2

2. Section of economics on the subject of social science in preparation for the Unified State Examination as part of a profile course in the 2014-2015 academic year

The USE in social studies is a real integral exam: it includes five topics related to different sciences: economics, law, philosophy, sociology and political science. Each science has its own terminology, approaches to evaluation and analysis.

The Unified State Exam in social studies is taken for many specialties - for economics, jurisprudence, public administration, architecture, customs, logistics and other specialties of the humanitarian and socio-economic profile.

To surrender USE in social studies, it is necessary to have certain knowledge in the subject of "economics". In our school, teaching in this subject is carried out with the help of an electronic textbook by S.I. Ivanova. Fundamentals of economic theory, profile level, in 2 books, which the school acquired in the 2014 academic year. In the Economics section of the social studies subject in the Unified State Examination, there are more and more questions related to microeconomics: mechanisms of self-regulation of the market and competition, factors and costs of production, financial institutions. In addition, complex macroeconomic issues about government regulation of the economy, taxation, inflation and unemployment. All these and other topics are studied during the academic year in the 10th and 11th grades of the socio-economic profile. The subject of economics causes some difficulties for school-age children when studying it. Therefore, the knowledge gained in the learning process can be checked by passing electronic testing in the section of economics in social studies in preparation for the exam in grade 11, for example, select the section of interest on the topic covered on this site: https://ege.yandex.ru. . All school teachers working in specialized classes use modern teaching technologies. The effective work of a teacher is impossible without modern Internet technologies, an electronic textbook, electronic testing and video lessons. It is modern Internet technologies that contribute to better assimilation of both theoretical and practical educational material in the classroom.

Availability Information teaching materials used in profile education in the subject of economics.

Table3

Theoretical materials on economics. At the end of each document, assignments for consolidation from the collection "Typical exam options, social studies 2016". Author O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. In preparing the material, a textbook of social science was used, author Bogolyubov

"2.1 economics as a science"

2.1. Economics and economic science

Economy – 1) economy in the broad sense of the word, i.e., the totality of natural and anthropogenic means, objects and processes used by people in order to ensure the conditions of existence and satisfy their needs (an economic system that ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people and society by creating and using the necessary vital goods);

2) economic relations that arise between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material and spiritual goods and services in a particular historical period of time;

3) the science, studying the economy and related activities of people, aimed at providing the vital needs of individual members and society as a whole.

Economy as a system of management (social production)

Economy - it is an economic system that ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people and society through the creation and use of the necessary benefits.

Economic activity:

1) Production(the process of creating economic goods and services), which is divided into

- material production(production of material goods and material services - transport, trade, public utilities and consumer services)

- intangible production(production of intangible goods and intangible services - education, healthcare, etc.)

Economic activity is necessary in order to turn resources into the necessary economic benefits - goods and services that satisfy one or another human need.

Product is a product of labor produced for sale in the market.

Service- economic activity that satisfies the personal needs of the population and society as a whole.

The production of tangible and intangible services is called services sector.

Spheres of economy:

1) Production - the process of creating tangible and intangible benefits (goods and services)

2) Distribution- the division of a product or income between those involved in its production.

3) Exchange- a process in which money or another product is received instead of a product.

4) Consumption– the stage of use (durables) or destruction (food) of the product.

The main problem of the economy – satisfaction of unlimited (constantly growing) needs of people through limited resources. Need- the need for something to maintain and develop the life of the individual and society as a whole.

Scarcity - the insufficiency of the amount of available resources of all kinds to produce the amount of goods that people would like to receive.

economic benefits- means necessary to meet the needs of people and available to society in a limited amount. Resources are needed to create economic wealth.

free goods in economic theory, these are goods that do not require the abandonment of other goods for consumption and can be consumed in unlimited quantities. For example: air, sea water

Resources- a quantitative measure of the possibility of performing any activity; conditions that allow, with the help of certain transformations, to obtain the desired result.

The resources involved in the production of goods and services are calledfactors of production .

Under economic activity imply a set of actions at various levels of management, which are aimed at satisfying the needs of the people of society. These activities are carried out through continuous production and the exchange of goods and services between people

Economics as a science

Economics is a science about the economy, the methods of its conduct and management, relations between people in the process of production and exchange of goods, the patterns of economic processes.

The main stages in the development of economic science

The main tasks of economic science: search for ways to effectively manage the economy; search for optimal mechanisms for the use of resources in the conditions of their limitedness and infinity of needs. Subject of study: economic relations, connections and interdependencies arising in the process of economic development with the production of goods and services.

Levels of economics as a science:

Microeconomics (small)- the science of consumers, firms and individual industries, considers the problems of limited resources, choice, opportunity cost, price, changes in demand and supply of individual goods in individual markets, etc.

Macroeconomics (long, large)- the science of the economy as a whole, the economic health of the country and the world, considers the problems of unemployment and employment, increasing production volumes, economic growth, overcoming inflation, etc.

International economics- the subject of her research can be international trade, international monetary relations, etc.

Hint words

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"2.10 types and causes of inflation"

2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation

Inflation - the process of depreciation of money, which manifests itself in the form of a long-term increase in prices for goods and services. In other words, it occurs when the volume money supply increases significantly, but the number of goods and services does not increase

Causes of inflation: excessive growth in military spending; the state budget deficit and the growth of domestic public debt (covering the budget deficit, which occurs through loans for money market); credit expansion of the bank to the Russian government (provision of loans); inflationary expectations of the population and producers (expressed in the fact that the purchase of goods occurs in excess of the necessary needs due to fear of price increases).

Types of inflation

* Demand inflation: the balance of supply and demand is disturbed on the demand side. Occurs when full time When wages rise, there is excess aggregate demand, which pushes prices up. Government intervention is needed to overcome.

* Supply (cost) inflation: an increase in production costs (due to rising wages and due to rising prices for raw materials and energy) causes an increase in prices for goods and services. A decrease in supply leads to a reduction in production and employment, i.e., to a recession and further reduction in spending and a gradual exit from the crisis. Supply-side inflation can be driven by high taxes, high stakes interest on capital and rising prices in world markets. In the latter case, imported raw materials become more expensive, and, accordingly, domestic products.

* Stagflation: inflation, accompanied by the stagnation of production, high unemployment and a simultaneous increase in the price level.

Classification of types of inflation

1. By the nature of the flow: open (characterized by a continuous increase in prices for goods and services); hidden (suppressed; occurs with constant retail prices for goods and services and a simultaneous increase cash income population), is characterized by a shortage of goods while curbing price increases, open, manifested when prices rise.

2. Depending on the rate of price growth:

Moderate (creeping; prices rise at a moderate pace and gradually, up to 10% per year);

Galloping (rapid price increase of about 50% per year);

Hyperinflation (super-high price growth up to 100% per year or more).

Consequences of inflation

* For the sphere of production: a decrease in employment, a breakdown of the entire system of economic regulation; depreciation of the entire accumulation fund; loan impairment

* When distributing income:

a) redistribution of income by increasing the income of those who pay debts at fixed interest rates, and reducing the income of their creditors (governments that have accumulated significant public debt often pursue policies of short-term inflation stimulus, which contribute to debt depreciation);

b) negative impact on the population with fixed incomes, which are depreciating;

c) depreciation of the income of the population, which leads to a reduction in current consumption; d) definition real income no longer by the amount of money that a person receives as income, but by the number of goods and services that he can buy;

e) decrease in purchasing power monetary unit. Due to inflation, “imaginary” incomes arise, which may not come into financial system.

* For economic relations: business owners do not know what price to put on their products; consumers do not know what price is justified and what products are more profitable to buy in the first place; suppliers of raw materials prefer to receive real goods, rather than rapidly depreciating money, barter begins to flourish; lenders avoid lending. It distorts all the main economic indicators: GDP, profitability, percentage, etc.; rising prices are accompanied by falling exchange rate national currency.

* For the money supply: money loses its value and ceases to function as a measure of value and medium of circulation, which leads to financial ruin. All cash reserves (deposits, loans, account balances, etc.) depreciate. Also depreciate securities. The problems of issuing money are sharply aggravated;

Types of anti-inflationary policy

- adaptation measures (adjustment to inflation) - indexation of income, control over the price level;

- liquidation (anti-inflationary) measures - an active reduction in inflation through economic recession and rising unemployment.

If these measures do not help, then the state will be forced to carry out monetary reform- total or partial change monetary system countries.

Methods monetary reform:

Deflation (reduction of the money supply by withdrawing excess banknotes from circulation);

Denomination (enlargement of the monetary unit by exchanging old banknotes for new ones in a certain proportion);

Devaluation (decrease in the gold content of the monetary unit (under the gold standard) or a decrease in its exchange rate in relation to foreign currencies);

Revaluation (increasing the gold content or the exchange rate of the state currency);

Nullification (declaring old depreciated banknotes invalid, or organizing their exchange at a very low rate).

Consolidation of topic 2.10 "Inflation"

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“2.11 economic growth. the concept of GDP"

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"2.12 the role of the state in the economy"

2.12. The role of the state in the economy (Grade 11, paragraph 7)

Economic policy state is the process of implementing its economic functions through a variety of government measures to influence economic processes to achieve certain goals.

Goals of the state in a market economy:

Will provide economic growth

Create conditions for economic freedom (the right of economic entities to choose the form and scope of economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it)

Provide economic security and economic efficiency (the ability of the entire economy to get the maximum result from the limited resources available

Take care of ensuring full employment (everyone who can and wants to work should have a job)

Help those who cannot fully support themselves

State functions

Economic stabilization

Protection of property rights (we will study in the law section)

Regulation of monetary circulation

Redistribution of income (separate topic)

Regulation of relations between employers and employees (section law)

Control over foreign economic activity(separate topic)

Production of public goods

Compensation for external effects

Let's take a closer look at the last function.

public goods - These are goods and services provided by the state on an equal footing. For example: visits to parks, libraries, education, healthcare, etc. These benefits are equally available to all and there is no charge for their use.

The state takes over the production of public goods, the state collects the means for production from citizens in the form of taxes (taxes are a separate topic)

The role of the state is also significant in those areas in which only private enterprises operate. State intervention in these areas is caused by the problem external (side) effects.

External effects - associated with the production or consumption of goods costs and benefits for third parties.

Exist negative and positive external effects.

Negative effects arise in the event of the appearance of costs by third parties who are not involved in production. Positive - in the event that these persons benefit.

For example:

Imagine a woodworking plant on the river bank (the first person is the manufacturer, the second person is who buys their goods), which pollutes the river with waste. This is an example of a negative productive externality for the population (third person) living along the river. Remember (Petrovskaya gas rig). Who will help the population cope with the negative consequences of production? The state is forced to incur additional costs for water purification, maintaining people's health, etc. It compensates for the side effect of the plant's activities.

An example of a positive externality is the operation of a military factory. In an effort to provide such public service population, as a defense capability (the consumer pays taxes for it), producers contribute scientific and technological progress which we all benefit from.

Compensation for external effects is an important function of the state in a market economy.

Now let's talk about such a function as "monetary regulation"

To ensure the stabilization of the economy, the state conducts a fiscal (fiscal) and monetary policy(monetary).

Monetary (monetary) policy

Monetary policy means control over the money supply in the economy. Its goal is to support the stable development of the economy.

conductor monetary policy State favored by the Central Bank (repeat topic 2.6.).

The central bank issues cash commercial banks, and they are to their customers for a fee called "interest on the loan."

Interest rate - the rate of interest at which central bank gives loans to commercial banks. By raising or lowering the discount rate, the central bank makes credit expensive or cheap.

If loans become expensive (the Central Bank raised the discount rate), then the number of those who want to take them decreases. This leads to a decrease in the amount of money in circulation and helps to reduce inflation (inflation occurs when the money supply exceeds the amount of goods and services produced).

By raising the discount rate and making credit cheap, the state increases the number of borrowers, stimulating their economic activity, which contributes to the rise in production.

Fiscal (Fiscal) Policy

Activities of the state in the field of taxation, regulation public spending and the state budget is called fiscal policy.

We will study this topic separately (2.14)

Answers

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"2.13 taxes"

2.13 Taxes

Taxes - This obligatory payments physical and legal entities state

Individuals - who create material and non-material benefits directly by their labor and receive income

Legal entities - business entities

Tax functions

Fiscal - to provide funding for government spending on

B) the defense of the country

C) and the area that cannot provide for itself: education, health care (public goods)

2. distribution - the redistribution of income between different social strata in order to smooth out income inequality (pensions, subsidies, subsidies, etc.)

Stimulating - a) stimulating the development of scientific and technological revolution,

B) increase in the number of jobs

IN) capital investments in the expansion of production through the use of preferential taxation

Social and educational - curbing the consumption of unhealthy products by imposing higher taxes on them

Specific accounting - accounting for the income of citizens, enterprises and organizations

Basic principles of taxation

Uniformity - means the unity of rules and the same approach to taxpayers

Certainty – clarity and immutability of taxation rules

One time – each income should be taxed only once

Types of taxes

1.straight - mandatory payments levied by the state on the income or property of individuals and legal entities (explicitly)

A) income tax

B) corporate income tax

C) property tax, real estate, gift, inheritance

2.indirect - are set in the form of premiums to the price of goods or services (paid imperceptibly when performing certain actions, for example: buying goods, currency exchange)

A) excise taxes

B) sales tax

Customs duties

export tax

Partial value added tax

Taxes paid by enterprises (grade 11, p. 50)

1.direct corporate taxincome tax. In most cases, this tax is 35% of gross profit.

Exist tax incentives, allowing the government to stimulate actions that are beneficial to society: part of the profits that are used for investment in the development of production, research, etc. are partially exempt from tax.

Profit received from the production and sale of agricultural products is not subject to taxation

2.indirect tax from the company -value added tax (VAT).

Value added tax is imposed on the increase in the value of the goods, which is created at all stages of its production as the goods move to the final consumer.

3.payments in various off-budget funds : pension, social insurance, mandatory health insurance

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“2.2. factors of production"

2.2. Factors of production and factor income (Grade 11 p. 43)

2.5. Fixed and variable costs (Grade 11 p. 49)

Consolidation "Factors of production", "Fixed and variable costs"

way of regulating economic life, people's activities both firms and type of ownership on economic resources

Criteria for the selection of economic systems: form of ownership of the means of production (private, collective, state); way of coordinating and managing economic activity - market, planned.

Elements of the economic system

Production of goods and services with their subsequent distribution, exchange, consumption and redistribution.

Decision of the main economic issues: what and how to produce, on what basis to distribute the created national product.

Differences in their fundamentals: forms of ownership; economic mechanism.

Existence of multiple patterns economic development individual countries and regions.

Types of economic systems and their features

1. Traditional economic - a way of organizing economic life where land and capitalare in common ownership , and limited resourcesdistributed according to long-standing traditions and customs

Traditional economic system is based on joint (collective) communal ownership of the main resource for this system - land.

Characteristic features of the economies of the traditional type: poor development of equipment and production technologies; a large share of manual labor in all sectors of the economy; minor role in traditional economy entrepreneurship, including small business with a constant increase in the scale of activities of large divisions; the predominance of traditions and customs in all aspects of the life of society.

Natural economy- this is a farm in which everything is produced not for sale, but for own consumption. The exchange is random. The conditions for the exchange between subjects are economic isolation, i.e., each subject has the right to exchange only the product that belongs to him;

Command (command-administrative, centralized, planned, directive, state) economic A system is a way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned by the state, and the distribution limited resources is carried out according to the instructions (directives) of the centralized management bodies and in accordance with the plans.

It is characterized by state ownership of virtually all material resources and collective economic decision-making through centralized economic (directive) planning.

At the same time, most of the land and capital belongs to the state, economic power is centralized, the state is the main economic entity, the market does not act as a regulator of the economy, and the prices for most goods are set by the government. Another characteristic: shortage of goods, low technology

Market economy free competition- this is an economy dominated by private property, economic activity is carried out by economic entities at their own expense, all major decisions are made by them at their own peril and risk.

Characterized :

-private property on resources and using the system of markets and prices to coordinate and manage economic activity;

-inequality in the distribution of wealth;

-decentralization of economic power;

The function of the regulator of the economy is performed by market system,

In the behavior of economic subjects, personal interest dominates over the general;

--freedom of entrepreneurial choice;

-competition;

-limited role of the state and others.

4. Mixed economic system

In most modern developed countries there is a mixed economy that combines elements of all three types.

mixed economy - this is an economy in which both government and private decisions determine the structure of the distribution of resources, in society, along with private property, there is state property, the economic system is managed and coordinated not only by the system of markets, but also by the state.

The state carries out antimonopoly, social, fiscal (tax) and other types of economic policy which contributes to some extent economic growth country and improve the living standards of the population.

Each system is characterized by its own national models of economic organization, since countries differ in their unique history, level of economic development, social and national characteristics.

Nationalization-transition of private property to public property

Privatization- transition state property to private

Anchoring