2. Economy 2.1. Economics and economic science Economics - 1) economy in the broad sense of the word, that is, a set of natural and anthropogenic means, objects and processes used by people in order to ensure the conditions of existence and satisfaction of their

Economics See also Business (p. 12); "Money circulation" (p. 139); "Market" (p. 145); "Trade" (p.183) Economics is the art of satisfying unlimited needs with limited resources. From the book "Quotes from Peter" (1977) Economics (...) is not just the science of using

1. Economy at the profile level

The high school model provides for specialized training. Profile education is focused on creating opportunities for continuing education in accordance with the interests of the senior pupil, his inclinations and the ability to determine his future profession.

In the 2014-2015 academic year in grades 10-11, specialized groups were organized: physical and mathematical and socio-economic directions.

Information on the organization of specialized training in the 2014-2015 academic year in grades 10-11 is presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Information on the organization of specialized training

in the 2014-2015 academic year

The subject "Economics" in the 2014-2015 academic year was taught according to the curriculum for educational institutions: Fundamentals of economic theory and a textbook of the profile level by S. I. Ivanov "Economics" in 2 books in the amount of 2 hours 1 time per week for 10, 11 class of socio-economic profile, 1 hour per week for students of 10-11 grades of physical and mathematical profile. Elective courses "Main issues of economics" and "Main sections of economics" were held in the amount of 1 hour per week for students in grades 10, 11 of the socio-economic profile. The total number of hours for students in the socio-economic profile in grade 10 is 68 hours per year, at 11 -66 hours per year

To assess the quality of the educational process in the subject of economics, the following indicators were used: the average score in the subject, the quality of training, academic performance, the degree of training (SDA). Monitoring of the results of students' training in the subject of economics shows that 100% of students master the subject, the quality of knowledge is characterized by a growth trend (from 92% to 100%),

table 2

2.Section economics in the subject of social studies in preparation for the exam in the framework of the profile course in the 2014-2015 academic year

The Unified State Exam in Social Studies is a real integral exam: it includes five topics related to different sciences: economics, law, philosophy, sociology and political science. Each science has its own terminology, approaches to assessment and analysis.

The Unified State Exam in social studies is taken in many specialties - economics, law, public administration, architecture, customs, logistics and other specialties of the humanitarian and socio-economic profile.

To hand over Unified State Exam in social studies, it is necessary to have certain knowledge on the subject of "economics". In our school, teaching on this subject is carried out using the electronic textbook S.I. Ivanova. Fundamentals of economic theory, profile level, in 2 books, which the school acquired in the 2014 academic year.In the section of Economics in the subject of social studies in the Unified State Exam, there are more and more questions related to microeconomics: mechanisms of self-regulation of the market and competition, factors and costs of production, financial institutions. In addition, complex macroeconomic issues of state regulation of the economy, taxation, inflation and unemployment. All these and other topics are studied during the academic year in the 10th and 11th grade of the socio-economic profile. The subject of economics causes some difficulties for school-age children when studying it. Therefore, the knowledge gained in the learning process can be checked by passing electronic testing in the section of economics in social studies in preparation for the exam in grade 11, for example, select the section of interest on the topic covered on this website: https://ege.yandex.ru. ... All teachers of the school working in specialized classes use modern teaching technologies. Effective teacher work is impossible without modern Internet technologies, electronic textbooks, electronic testing and video lessons. It is modern Internet technologies that contribute to a better assimilation of both theoretical and practical educational material in the classroom.

Information on the availability of educational materials used in specialized training in the subject of economics.

Table3

Theoretical materials on economics. At the end of each document assignments for consolidation from the collection "Typical examination options, social studies 2016". Author O.A. Kotova, T.E. Liskov. In the preparation of the material, a social science textbook was used, the author Bogolyubov

"2.1 economics as a science"

2.1. Economics and economic science

Economy – 1) economy in the broadest sense of the word, that is, a set of natural and anthropogenic means, objects and processes used by people to ensure the conditions of existence and satisfy their needs (an economic system that ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people and society through the creation and use of the necessary benefits of life);

2) economic relationsthat arise between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material and spiritual goods and services in a particular historical period of time;

3) the science, which studies the economy and the related activities of people aimed at ensuring the vital needs of individual members and society as a whole.

Economy as a system of management (social production)

Economy -it is an economic system that ensures the satisfaction of the needs of people and society by creating and using the necessary goods.

Economic activity:

1) Production (the process of creating economic goods and services), which is divided into

- material production (production of material goods and material services - transport, trade, utilities and consumer services)

- intangible production (production of intangible goods and intangible services - education, healthcare, etc.)

Economic activity is necessary in order to transform resources into the necessary economic goods - goods and services that satisfy one or another human need.

Product - a product of labor produced for sale on the market.

Service - economic activity that meets the personal needs of the population and society as a whole.

The production of tangible and intangible services is called services sector.

Spheres of economy:

1) Production - the process of creating material and intangible benefits (goods and services)

2) Distribution - division of a product or income between those involved in its production.

3) Exchange - a process in which money or another product is received instead of a product.

4) Consumption - the stage of use (durable items) or destruction (food) of the product.

The main problem of the economy - satisfaction of unlimited (constantly growing) needs of people at the expense of limited resources. Need - the need for something to maintain and develop the life of the individual and society as a whole.

Limitedness - the insufficient volume of available resources of all kinds to produce the amount of goods that people would like to receive.

Economic benefits - funds necessary to meet the needs of people and available at the disposal of society in limited quantities. Resources are needed to create economic goods.

Free goods in economic theory, these are goods that do not require rejection of other goods for consumption and can be consumed in unlimited quantities. For example: air, sea water

Resources - quantitative measure of the ability to perform any activity; conditions that allow, using certain transformations, to obtain the desired result.

The resources that are involved in the production of goods and services are calledfactors of production .

Under economic activity imply a set of actions at various levels of management, which are aimed at meeting the needs of people in society. Such actions are carried out through constant production and exchange of services and goods between people

Economics as a Science

Economics is a science about the economy, the methods of its conduct and management, relations between people in the process of production and exchange of goods, the laws of the course of economic processes.

The main stages of the development of economic science

The main tasks of economic science: search for ways to effectively manage the economy; search for optimal mechanisms for the use of resources in the context of their limited and unlimited needs. Subject of study: economic relations, connections and interdependencies arising in the process of economic development with the production of goods and services.

Economics levels as a science:

Microeconomics (small) - the science of consumers, firms and individual industries, examines the problems of limited resources, choice, opportunity cost, price, changes in demand and supply of individual goods in individual markets, etc.

Macroeconomics (long, large) - the science of the economy as a whole, the economic health of the country and the world, examines the problems of unemployment and employment, increasing production volumes, economic growth, overcoming inflation, etc.

International economics- the subject of her research can be international trade, international monetary relations, etc.

Clue words

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"2.10 types and causes of inflation"

2.10. Types, causes and consequences of inflation

Inflation - the process of depreciation of money, which manifests itself in the form of a long-term increase in prices for goods and services. In other words, it occurs when the volume of money supply increases significantly, but the amount of goods and services does not increase

Inflation reasons: excessive growth in military spending; the state budget deficit and the growth of the domestic state debt (covering the budget deficit by means of loans in the money market); credit expansion of the bank to the Russian government (provision of loans); inflationary expectations of the population and producers (expressed in the fact that the purchase of goods occurs in excess of the necessary need due to the fear of price increases).

Types of inflation

* Demand inflation: the balance of supply and demand is disturbed on the demand side. It occurs at full employment, when the volume of wages rises, there is an excess of aggregate demand, which pushes prices up. To overcome the need for government intervention.

* Supply (cost) inflation : an increase in production costs (due to an increase in wages and due to an increase in prices for raw materials and energy) causes an increase in prices for goods and services. A decrease in supply leads to a reduction in production and employment, that is, to a recession and further cuts in costs and a gradual recovery from the crisis. High taxes, high interest rates on capital and rising prices in world markets can become factors of supply inflation. In the latter case, imported raw materials become more expensive, and, accordingly, domestic products.

* Stagflation: inflation accompanied by stagnation in production, high unemployment and a simultaneous rise in prices.

Classification of types of inflation

1. By the nature of the course: open (characterized by a long rise in prices for goods and services); latent (suppressed; arises with constant retail prices for goods and services and a simultaneous increase in monetary incomes of the population), characterized by a shortage of goods while restraining price increases, open, which manifests itself when prices rise.

2. Depending on the rate of price growth:

Moderate (creeping; prices rise at a moderate pace and gradually, up to 10% per year);

Galloping (rapid price growth of about 50% per year);

Hyperinflation (ultra-high price increases of up to 100% per year or more).

Impact of inflation

* For the sphere of production: decrease in employment, disruption of the entire system of economic regulation; depreciation of the entire accumulation fund; impairment of loans

* When distributing income:

a) redistribution of income by increasing the income of those who pay debts at fixed interest rates and reducing the income of their creditors (governments that have accumulated significant public debt often pursue a policy of short-term stimulation of inflation, which contributes to the depreciation of debt);

b) negative impact on the population with fixed incomes, which are depreciated;

c) depreciation of household income, which leads to a reduction in current consumption; d) the definition of real income is no longer by the amount of money that a person receives as income, but by the number of goods and services that he can buy;

e) a decrease in the purchasing power of the monetary unit. Inflation creates "imaginary" incomes that may not go into the financial system.

* For economic relations: business owners do not know what price to put on their products; consumers do not know which price is justified and which products are more profitable to buy in the first place; suppliers of raw materials prefer to receive real goods rather than rapidly depreciating money; barter begins to flourish; creditors avoid lending. Distorts all major economic indicators: GDP, profitability, percentage, etc .; the rise in prices is accompanied by a fall in the exchange rate of the national currency.

* For the money supply: money loses its value and ceases to function as a measure of value and means of circulation, which leads to financial collapse. All cash reserves (deposits, loans, account balances, etc.) are depreciated. Securities are also devalued. The problems of money issue are sharply aggravated;

Types of anti-inflationary policies

- adaptation measures (adjustment to inflation) - income indexation, price level control;

- liquidation (anti-inflationary) measures - active reduction of inflation through the economic recession and rising unemployment.

If these measures do not help, then the state will be forced to carry out monetary reform - full or partial change in the country's monetary system.

Monetary reform methods:

Deflation (reduction of the money supply by withdrawing excess banknotes from circulation);

Denomination (enlargement of a monetary unit by exchanging old banknotes for new ones in a certain proportion);

Devaluation (a decrease in the gold content of a monetary unit (with a gold standard) or a decrease in its exchange rate against foreign currencies);

Revaluation (increase in the gold content or the exchange rate of the state currency);

Nullification (declaring old depreciated banknotes invalid, or organizing their exchange at a very low rate).

Consolidation of the topic 2.10 "Inflation"

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“2.11 economic growth. GDP concept "

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"2.12 the role of the state in the economy"

2.12. The role of the state in the economy (grade 11, paragraph 7)

Economic policythe state is a process of implementing its economic functions through a variety of state measures of influence on economic processes to achieve certain goals.

The goals of the state in a market economy:

Provides economic growth

Create conditions for economic freedom (the right of business entities to choose the form and scope of economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it)

Ensure economic security and economic efficiency (the ability of the entire economy to obtain maximum results from the available limited resources

Ensure full employment (everyone who can and wants to work must have a job)

Provide assistance to those who cannot fully support themselves

Functions of the state

Economic stabilization

Protection of property rights (we will study in the section law)

Regulation of money circulation

Redistribution of income (a separate topic)

Regulation of the relationship between employers and employees (section law)

Control over foreign economic activity (a separate topic)

Production of public goods

External effects compensation

Let's dwell on the last function in more detail.

Public goods -these are goods and services provided by the state on an equal basis. For example: visiting parks, libraries, education, healthcare, etc. These benefits are equally available to everyone and there is no charge for using them.

The production of public goods is taken over by the state, the state collects funds for production from citizens in the form of taxes (taxes are a separate topic)

The role of the state is also significant in those spheres in which exclusively private enterprises operate. State interference in these areas is caused by the problem external (side) effects.

External effects -costs and benefits associated with the production or consumption of goods for third parties.

Exists negative and positiveexternal effects.

Negative effects arise in the event of costs incurred by third parties who are not involved in production. Positive - in the event that these persons have benefits.

For instance:

Imagine a wood-processing plant on the bank of a river (the first person is the manufacturer, the second person is the one who buys their goods), which pollutes the river with waste. This is an example of a negative production externality for the population (third party) living along the river. Remember (Petrovskaya gas tower)... Who can the population cope with the negative consequences of production? The state is forced to incur additional costs for water purification, maintaining people's health, etc. It compensates for the side effect of the plant's activities.

An example of a positive external effect is the activity of a military plant. In an effort to provide such a public service to the population as defense capability (the consumer pays taxes for it), manufacturers contribute to scientific and technological progress, the results of which we all use.

Compensation for externalities is an important function of the state in a market economy.

Now let's talk about such a function as "monetary regulation"

To ensure the stabilization of the economy, the state is pursuing budgetary and tax (fiscal) and monetary policies (monetary).

Monetary (monetary) policy

Monetary policy means control over the money supply in the economy. Its goal is to support the stable development of the economy.

The central bank acts as a conductor of the state monetary policy (repeat topic 2.6.).

The central bank gives money to commercial banks, and they give out to their clients for a fee, called "interest on a loan."

Discount rate of interestthe rate of interest at which the central bank lends to commercial banks. By raising or lowering the interest rate, the central bank makes credit expensive or cheap.

If loans become expensive (the Central Bank raised the discount rate), then the number of people willing to take them decreases. This leads to a decrease in the amount of money in circulation and helps to reduce inflation (inflation occurs when the volume of money supply exceeds the amount of goods and services produced).

By raising the discount rate and making loans cheap, the state increases the number of borrowers, stimulating their economic activity, which contributes to an increase in production.

Fiscal (fiscal) policy

The activities of the state in the field of taxation, regulation of public expenditures and the state budget are called fiscal policy.

We will study this topic separately (2.14)

Answers

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"2.13 taxes"

2.13 Tax

Taxes -these are obligatory payments of individuals and legal entities to the state

Individuals -creating tangible and intangible benefits directly by their labor and receiving income

Legal entities -business entities

Functions of taxes

Fiscal - to provide funding for public spending on

B) national defense

B) and the sphere that cannot provide itself: education, health care (public goods)

2. distributive - the redistribution of income between different social strata in order to smooth out income inequality (pensions, subsidies, subsidies, etc.)

Stimulating - a) stimulating the development of scientific and technological revolution,

B) an increase in the number of jobs

C) capital investments in the expansion of production through the use of preferential taxation

Social and educational - curbing the consumption of unhealthy products by imposing higher taxes on them

Specific accounting - accounting for the income of citizens, enterprises and organizations

Basic principles of taxation

Uniformity means the unity of the rules and the same approach to taxpayers

Certainty - clarity and immutability of tax rules

One-off - each income must only be taxed once

Types of taxes

1.straight - mandatory payments levied by the state on income or property of individuals and legal entities (explicitly)

A) income tax

B) corporate income tax

C) tax on property, real estate, donation, inheritance

2. indirect - are set in the form of surcharges to the price of goods or services (paid invisibly when performing certain actions, for example: buying goods, exchanging currency)

A) excise taxes

B) sales tax

Customs duties

Export tax

Partial value added tax

Taxes Paid by Businesses (Grade 11, p. 50)

1.direct company tax -income tax.In most cases, this tax is 35% of the gross profit.

There are tax incentives that allow the government to stimulate actions that are beneficial to society: part of the profit that is partially tax exempt is used for investment in production development, research, etc.

Profits received from the production and sale of agricultural products are not subject to taxation

2. indirect company tax -value added tax (VAT).

Value added tax is levied on the increase in the value of a product, which is created at all stages of its production as the product moves to the final consumer.

3.payments to various off-budget funds: pension, social insurance, compulsory health insurance

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"2.2. factors of production "

2.2. Factors of production and factor income (grade 11, p. 43)

2.5. Fixed and variable costs (grade 11, p. 49)

Fixing "Factors of production", "Fixed and variable costs"

the way of regulating economic life, human activities and firms, and type of property on economic resources

Criteria for the selection of economic systems: form of ownership of the means of production (private, collective, state); method of coordination and management of economic activity - market, planned.

Elements of the economic system

Production of goods and services with their subsequent distribution, exchange, consumption and redistribution.

The solution of basic economic issues: what and how to produce, on what basis to distribute the created national product.

Differences in their fundamentals: forms of ownership; economic mechanism.

The existence of diverse models of economic development of individual countries and regions.

Types of economic systems and their features

1. Traditional economic - a way of organizing economic life, in which land and capitalare in common possession and limited resourcesdistributed in accordance with long-standing traditions and customs

The traditional economic system is based on joint (collective) communal ownership of the main resource for this system - land.

Characteristic features of traditional economies: poor development of technology and production technologies; a large share of manual labor in all sectors of the economy; insignificant role in the traditional economy of entrepreneurship, including small, with a constant increase in the scale of activities of large divisions; the predominance of traditions and customs in all aspects of the life of society.

Natural economy - a farm in which everything is produced not for sale, but for their own consumption. In this case, the exchange is random. The conditions for the exchange between the subjects are economic isolation, that is, each subject has the right to exchange only the product that belongs to him;

Command (command-administrative, centralized, planned, directive, state) economic system is a way of organizing economic life in which capital and land are owned by the state, and the distribution limited resources carried out according to the instructions (directives) of the centralized authorities and in accordance with the plans.

It is characterized by state ownership of practically all material resources and collective economic decision-making through centralized economic (directive) planning.

At the same time, most of the land and capital belongs to the state, economic power is centralized, the state is the main economic entity, the market does not function as a regulator of the economy, prices for most goods are set by the government. Another characteristic: shortage of goods, low technology

Free competition market economy - this is an economy dominated by private property, economic activity is carried out by economic entities at their own expense, all major decisions are made by them at their own peril and risk.

Characterized :

-private property on resources and the use of a system of markets and prices to coordinate and manage economic activities;

-inequality in wealth distribution;

-decentralized economic power;

The function of the economy regulator is performed by market system,

In the behavior of economic subjects, self-interest dominates over general interest;

--freedom of entrepreneurial choice;

-competition;

- the limited role of the state and others.

4. Mixed economic system

Most modern developed countries have a mixed economy that combines elements of all three types.

Mixed economy Is an economy in which both government and private decisions determine the structure of resource allocation, in society, along with private property, there is state property, the economic system is controlled and coordinated not only by the system of markets, but also by the state.

The state implements antimonopoly, social, fiscal (tax) and other types of economic policy, which to one degree or another contributes to the country's economic growth and an increase in the living standards of the population.

Each system is characterized by its own national models of economic organization, since countries differ in the originality of history, level of economic development, social and national characteristics.

Nationalization- transfer of private property to state

Privatization - transfer of state ownership to private

Anchoring