Economic processes and phenomena in any society are governed by economic laws, which are the object (research) of the study of the economy.
economic laws - the most significant, stable and constantly recurring objective interdependencies and cause-and-effect relationships in economic processes and phenomena. Economic laws are objective in nature, operate independently of the will and creation of people, they are historical. Thus, the laws of the market - the law of value, the law of demand, the law of supply, the law of competition - exist regardless of whether market participants know about them or not. The deeper people know the nature of the action of economic laws, the more effectively they can use them in economic activity.
Economic laws can be conditionally divided into general and specific.
General economic laws- these are the laws that operate in all socio-economic systems or some of them. For example, the law of the correspondence of production relations to the nature and level of development of productive forces, the law of labor productivity growth, the law of saving time, the laws of expanded reproduction, the law of value, the law of supply and demand.
Specific Laws operate in the same socio-economic system. Such laws are the law of surplus value, the universal law capitalist accumulation, basic economic law socialism, the law of distribution according to work, etc.
Economic categories- this is the most general concepts, which reflect the essential properties of economic phenomena, their relationship to various manifestations and parties public life. An example of such categories are: value, price, labor, money, property, goods, etc. Economic categories are objective and true, since they are scientific abstractions that reflect the really existing economic economic ties.
Economic (production) relations- these are relations between people that develop in the process of social production, distribution, exchange and consumption of vital goods.
Two types of economic relations can be distinguished: socio-economic relations (property relations) and organizational and economic relations.
Socio-economic relations include: the relationship of people to the means of production, i.e. property relations, relations for the production of material goods and services, their distribution, exchange and consumption. They are the core of production relations, they determine the social form of production, which is characteristic of only one socio-economic formation, and have a historically transient character, changing as a result of a change in ownership.
The basis of socio-economic relations is the ownership of the means of production. Property relations determine the target orientation of the development of production (in whose interests it is carried out), social structure society, its type. The following forms of ownership are historically known: public, private, state. In addition, there are varieties - intermediate and mixed forms of ownership. Property relations permeate all spheres of economic relations, determining their specificity in the sphere of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. The totality of these relations forms a system of socio-economic relations of a given society.
The second type of economic relations - organizational and economic relations, which are directly determined by the productive forces. They reflect the organization of productive forces, the features of a certain stage in the development of factors of production and their social combination. These relations arising in connection with the division, specialization, and cooperation of labor are determined primarily by the technological mode of production. They are determined by the needs of the technology of production organization, for example, the relationship between workers of various specialties, between organizers and performers associated with the technological division of labor within the enterprise.
Organizational and economic relations are divided into three types:
1) division of labor and production;
2) concentration (concentration) of production certain types goods in those countries where their production is economically feasible;
3) differentiation, specialization labor activity.
1.4 The main economic problems of society: What to produce? How to produce? For whom to produce?
Any society, no matter how rich or poor it is, decides three basic questions of the economy: what goods and services should be produced, how and for whom. These three fundamental questions of economics are decisive (Fig. 1.1.).
Figure 1.1 - Key economic issues
Which of the goods and services should be produced and in what quantity? An individual can provide himself with the necessary goods and services in various ways: produce them on his own, exchange them for other goods, receive them as a gift. Society as a whole cannot have everything immediately. Because of this, it must decide what it would like to have immediately, what it would be possible to wait to receive, and what to refuse altogether. What is needed in this moment produce - ice cream or shirts? A small number of expensive quality shirts or a lot of cheap ones? Is it necessary to produce less consumer goods or is it necessary to produce more industrial goods (machinery, machine tools, equipment, etc.), which will increase production and consumption in the future.
Sometimes the choice can be quite difficult. There are so-called weak the developed countries who are so poor that the efforts of most of the labor force are spent only to feed and clothe the population. In such countries, in order to raise the living standards of the population, it is necessary to increase the volume of production, but this requires the restructuring of the national economy and, above all, the modernization of production.
How should goods and services be produced? There are various options for the production of the entire set of goods, as well as each economic benefits but separately. By whom, from what resources, with the help of what technology should they be produced? Through what organization of production? There is far from one option for building a specific house, school, college, car. The building can be both multi-storey and single-storey, the car can be assembled on a conveyor or manually. Some buildings are built by private individuals, others by the state. The decision to produce cars in one country is made by government agency, in the other - private firms.
Who is the product for? Who will be able to use the goods and services produced in the country? Since the quantity of goods and services produced is limited, the problem of their distribution arises, in order to satisfy all needs, it is necessary to understand the mechanism for distributing the product. Who should use these products and services, benefit from them? Should all members of society receive the same share, or not? What should be given priority - intellect or physical strength? Will the sick and the old eat their fill, or will they be left to fend for themselves? The solution of this problem determines the goals of society, the incentives for its development.
The main economic problems in different socio-economic systems are solved in different ways. For example, in a market economy, all answers to basic economic issues: What? How? For whom? - determines the market: demand, supply, price, profit, competition.
“What” is decided by solvent demand, by the vote of money. The consumer decides for himself what he is willing to pay money for. The producer himself will strive to satisfy the desire of the consumer.
The "how" is decided by the manufacturer, who seeks to make a big profit. Since price fixing does not depend only on him, in order to achieve his goal in a competitive environment, the producer must produce and sell as many goods as possible and at a lower price than his competitors.
"For whom" is decided in favor of different groups of consumers, taking into account their incomes.
The main economic contradiction: unlimited needs are met by limited resources.
Similar information.
Economic relations - a set of relations between people about the use of available resources for effective reproduction material conditions the life of society.
There are three main components in the structure of economic relations. Firstly, these are relations of production - relations between people regarding the direct production and appropriation of the benefits they create. Secondly, organizational and economic relations, which are relations that connect and organize the economy into a single whole through management. Thirdly, technical and economic relations, which are understood as relations between people regarding the more rational and efficient use of available technical and economic resources.
Analyzing the structure of economic relations, it should be emphasized that the main defining element of it is the relations of production. It is on their content and features that other economic relations depend, and, moreover, the economic system itself largely depends. This role of production relations requires their closer study.
Production relations, in turn, consist of several components, of several types of relations.
First, need relations, which are relations between people about the formation, ways of expressing and realizing their economic needs. At the same time, economic needs include the need for economic benefits, i.e. those benefits that are created by the labor of people in the sphere of the economy. And since it is the needs that are the initial signal for the development of the production of some goods, the ways in which these needs are manifested, the methods of their "recognition" and the methods of implementation are of great importance for the economy, for society.
Secondly, labor relations, which are understood as relations between people regarding the formation of the labor force and the principles of its use in the field of labor activity. The main functions that are performed by labor relations are:
♦ creation and maintenance of favorable conditions for the preparation, development and optimal structuring of a person's ability to work;
♦ ensuring full and rational employment of employees;
♦ provision of conditions for efficient use of labor force;
♦ creation of conditions for an objective assessment of labor results;
♦ ensuring the rational organization and effective management of labor activity;
♦ formation of conditions for objectively fair wages.
Thirdly, relations of appropriation, which are relations between people that exist regarding the ways of including the benefits obtained as a result of production in the life of individual subjects or their groups. main function relations of appropriation serves to ensure that the benefits - the results of the production process - are made one's own and, through their inclusion in the sphere of one's ownership, are used at one's own discretion. The relationship of appropriation is directly related to ownership.
ECONOMIC MODELS
QUESTION #3
Economic interest - it is a manifestation of economic needs. Interests express economic benefits, realizing which the subject ensures independence and self-development.
ECONOMIC INTEREST- the system of economic needs of business entities (employee, corporation, cooperation, consumer, state). Reflecting the unity of all economic needs, interest, in contrast to needs focused on objective goals (the need for bread, shoes, a car, etc.), is aimed at economic relations, at living conditions in general. Therefore, interest acts as a stimulus for the activity of the subject of the economy, determining its economic behavior and actions. The specificity of economic interests is predetermined, on the one hand, objective conditions production, with a different measure of awareness of interest by the subject of the economy. The dialectical interaction of the two sides of economic interest - objective and subjective - leads to the fact that economic interest acts as the engine of economic life.
The specifics of the structure of economic interests in modern world determined by the growing importance of the economic interest of the state, which is the basis of the national interest. The state directly implements the public economic interest through the mechanism of creation state system guarantees for the population; organizes and finances social and cultural spheres of activity; participates in the social coordination of the interests of workers and entrepreneurs (tripartism system); forms and implements socio-economic programs. The economic interest of the state is also manifested in the functioning public sector economy.
An important component in the structure of economic interests in the modern world is the interaction of the economic interests of the employee and the employer. The objective process of the evolution of industrial relations and the transformation of economic interests leads to the resolution of the conflicts of economic interests "employee - employee" through the mechanism of social partnership. Transformation of economic interests into modern economy leads to the formation of relations of social harmony and, ultimately, to social stability in society.
QUESTION #4
The subject of economics as a science was not immediately determined. It is the result of a long historical development. It can be divided into three stages: economy, political economy, economics.
Saving as a science of home economics, housekeeping arose in ancient society. Such an understanding of it is represented by Xenophon (430-354 BC). Aristotle (384-322 BC) defined economics as the science of wealth, formulated the beginnings of the theory of value, price and money. This view of science did not change in the Middle Ages (V-XVI centuries). Economic problems were still considered from the standpoint of moral justice and the common good as the ultimate criterion for human activity. At the same time, in economy, the normative aspect of the study prevailed over the positive one.
The formation of capitalism (XVII-XVIII centuries) predetermined the emergence of political economy as an independent science. The focus of her attention initially was the sphere of circulation, and not the sphere of production. The first school of political economy is named "Mercantilism". Its representatives are the English economist Thomas Maine (1571-1641), the French economist Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683), the Russian economist Ivan Tikhonovich Pososhkov (1694-1774). In 1615 Antoine de Montchretien's (1575-1621) Treatise of Political Economy was published, which gave the name to the future science. The word "political" in the name of science means the art of managing the state, public economy. The purpose of the study was to search for sources of wealth, the main forms of which were considered noble metals (gold and silver). The object of observation was capitalist trade, and the subject of attention was the movement of money and goods between individual countries. The mercantilists proposed the introduction of customs duties, which became an instrument of protectionist policy.
The further development of capitalism led to the formation of classical political economy. Its first representatives were William Petit (1623-1687) in England and Pierre Boisguillebert (1646-1714) in France. They expressed the idea of determining the value of a commodity by labor and of the sphere of production as a source of capitalist wealth.
Representatives of French classical political economy - physiocrats(F. Kene, A. Turgot) - they began to look for a source of capital gains outside the sphere of circulation - in agriculture. The head of the school, Francois Quesnay (1694-1774), laid the foundations for the theory of the reproduction of social capital, creating the first macroeconomic model in the form of "economic tables".
The spread of manufactory and the formation machine production meant the creation of a material and technical base adequate to capitalism. Formed classical English political economy. Its representatives saw the source of capitalist wealth already in the sphere of production. Adam Smith (1723-1790) found out the conditions of production and accumulation of wealth, showed the importance of the division of labor for the development of productive forces. David Riccardo (1772-1823) paid special attention to distribution, showed the economic opposition of the classes of bourgeois society. S. De Sismondi (1773-1842) studied the growth of capitalist wealth, correlated with the dynamics of the population, with the size of its consumption.
The economic crises of overproduction and the intensification of the class struggle gave rise to the question of the internal contradictions of capitalism. A transition has taken shape in science from the political economy of wealth to the political economy of labor.
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) - creators of proletarian political economy and authors of the doctrine of the dual nature of labor and the theory of surplus value. They examined the system of categories and laws of the capitalist mode of production from the standpoint of the working class. Political Economy began to be regarded as a science that studies the production relations of successively successive social formations.
From the 2nd half of the XIX century. capitalism has taken hold in the developed countries. As a result, the development of general principles of political economy gave way to studies of various problems economic practice. For changing qualitative analysis(answering the question “what is it?”) comes a quantitative analysis (how much? and why?). The very name of science is changing. "Political economy" is supplanted by the concept "Economics". Economics is understood as the analytical science of the use by people of limited resources for the production of various goods, their distribution and exchange among the subjects of society for the purpose of consumption. The author of the new name was the founder of the neoclassical trend Alfred Marshall (1842-1924). The subject of his analysis was the theory of price. The pricing mechanism was considered (as well as by A. Smith) as the ratio of supply and demand. But at the basis of his theory of demand was used the concept of marginalism (the doctrine of marginal utility), and at the basis of the theory of supply - the concept of factors of production, later supplemented by the theory of marginal productivity.
After economic crises 20-30s 20th century it became impossible not to notice the influence of monopolies on pricing. In 1933, the relevant studies of E. Chamberlain and J. Robinson were published. But the most significant was the theory of J. M. Keynes (1883-1946), which became the basis of a new direction in economic thought. Into the spotlight Keynesianism problems of macroanalysis were posed. The normative aspect of the study is made dependent on the positive. The necessity of an active regulatory role of the state in a mixed economy is substantiated.
However, the 70s. 20th century became a period of disappointment in Keynesianism. The proposed recipes proved to be ineffective in order to stop the simultaneous increase in inflation, the decline in production and the increase in unemployment. New directions of neoclassicism (monetarism, new classical economics, neoinstitutionalism) with their ideas noticeably pushed Keynesianism.
Thus, in the history of economic thought, the understanding and definition of the subject economic theory, as a special area of scientific knowledge, has undergone a long evolution: from a body of knowledge about housekeeping, wealth, money, economic policy states to the science of the laws governing production, exchange, distribution, and industrial relations.
The main task of economics as a science- understand explain how the economy-economy works and how it should work in order to provide people with a decent standard of living.
Economy functions:
1. cognitive function. Description and explanation economic processes and behavior of business entities
2. Methodological function. In the process of understanding the economic life of society, economists develop methods for the effective organization of the production of goods and services.
3. Critical function. The essence of this function is to identify the achievements and shortcomings of housekeeping: domestic, industrial, national and global.
4. pragmatic function. Economic theory is the basis for making effective decisions on the production, exchange and consumption of goods and services.
5. predictive function. The results of the study of economic activities of people allow economists to make predictions economic development society.
6. educational function. Economic theory provides knowledge, shapes the economic thinking and culture of many people who want to learn how to creatively solve their life problems.
7. Ideological function. The essence of this function is to create a worldview system that provides people with moral confidence in their future.
QUESTION #5
Methodology of Economics
Each science cognizes its subject of research through the appropriate methods, means and methods used in the research process. Economic theory uses a wide range of methods of scientific knowledge. These include:
Method of scientific abstraction;
Method of analysis and synthesis;
Method of induction and deduction;
Method of positive and normative analysis;
Method of functional analysis;
Method of economic and mathematical modeling, etc.
The method of scientific abstraction (method of abstraction) - allows in the course of scientific knowledge to identify the main, essential elements and aspects of economic reality and to abstract from secondary and insignificant properties. The result of the abstraction operation is scientific abstractions - concepts, categories, laws of science, i.e. concepts used in economics for analysis economic issues, their characteristics, identifying patterns of development of society.
Scientific abstraction is called generalized concepts (money, goods, labor, etc.) developed by people by thinking abstracted from the directly concrete study of the phenomenon, and the starting point of scientific knowledge is objective reality. And this reality is economic life human society. If this is an objective reality, then it does not depend on the will and consciousness of a person at the same time that this reality is made up of conscious actions and activities of individuals.
Analysis and synthesis are the most important tools for penetrating the essence of economic reality. When analyzing the object of study, they try to divide it into its constituent parts and study it separately. Synthesis combines information that characterizes separate objects research.
In the process of analysis, thinking goes from the visible concrete to abstract thinking, dividing the elements under study into its simplest parts and sides. In the process of synthesis, cognizable phenomena are studied in the mutual connection of its constituent parts in motion and contradiction, as a result of which ways and forms of resolving contradictions are opened, and, consequently, the development of phenomena. There are 2 more elements - qualitative and quantitative analysis. This is due to the fact that any economic phenomenon is characterized by qualitative and quantitative certainty.
Scientific induction presupposes an experimental study of phenomena, in the course of which the transition of individual facts to general conclusions is made. Deduction - obtaining private conclusions based on general provisions. Induction and deduction are inextricably linked.
A positive approach states the real state of affairs, regardless of how people evaluate it.
The normative approach evaluates any phenomenon. The method of functional analysis allows you to establish the relationship between various economic processes.
The concept of economic relations
Definition 1
Economic relations are considered by economists in the narrow and broad sense of the word. In a narrow concept, the term of economic relations includes a type of social production of a social and economic nature, including all relations arising from property.
In the broad sense of the word, the concept of economic relations includes organizational relations that are connected with the organization of production and characterize the corresponding state, regardless of economic form. In a broad sense, economic relations in the production sector include the division, socialization and cooperation of labor, centralization, concentration and combination of production.
Economic and industrial relations cannot be considered equal. The concept of production relations does not correspond to the content of economic relations, which are much broader. Production economic relations are socio-economic relationships in the system of social production.
Types of economic relations
First of all, it is necessary to distinguish two main types of economic relations or economic relations:
- Socio-economic ties in society between people,
- Organizational and economic relations,
- Property relations.
Property relations, socio-economic relations can be represented as links between social classes, collectives and members, individual social groups.
Figure 1. Types of economic relations. Author24 - online exchange of student papers
The main position in these relationships belongs to those who appropriate the factors of production and the results of production. For this reason, socio-economic relations in society depend on the form and type of ownership of the results and conditions of production.
This appropriation implies the main content and direction of development of socio-economic relations, since this development is in the interests of the owners.
Organizational and economic type of relations
Definition 2
Organizational and economic relations are characterized by the need for a certain organization for the distribution, exchange and consumption of goods in the implementation of joint human activities.
Organizational and economic relations are classified into three components:
- division of labor and production
- organization of business activities,
- economic management.
This type of relationship appears due to the joint activities of working enterprises. Workers come together for various reasons to run the household and manage production. The main types of economic relations differ significantly from each other.
A feature of organizational and economic relations is the connection between people, which ensures joint activities. This connection is carried out in the process of circulation, which requires a certain organization.
It is the organizational and economic relations that make it possible to regulate the questions: what goods to create, how best to produce and exchange them, who will manage the production process.
Cooperation brings people together in joint work, increases the scale of production. She saves material costs and characterizes the growth of the efficiency of economic activity.
Remark 1
With the help of the division of labor, the implementation of labor activity occurs in a certain order. The division of labor contributes to an increase in such an indicator as labor productivity. Labor productivity reflects how much output is produced in relation to the worker or the time used.
Social and economic ties are specific ties characteristic of only one historical epoch or social system. At the same time, the transition from one particular form of ownership to another means a replacement of economic power, which causes a change in relations between people in the field of distribution, exchange and consumption.
In contrast to this, organizational and economic ties are independent of the socio-economic system and are a common element of the economy of any state. For example, the same organization of trade, the achievements of the scientific organization of labor and management, etc. are used with equal success.
Socio-economic relations
Socio-economic relations include relations over property. They may consist in connections between people in the appropriation of factors and results of production, which are the means of production (factories, factories, real estate, land and minerals).
In these relations, there is a distribution of income that is received from the use of various means production. The distribution of income is carried out in the form wages hired workers, in the form of bonuses and wages to management personnel and in the form of profit to the owners of enterprises.
The social type of economic relations is a system of stable and orderly relations of individuals and groups of people who are united by certain social, national and political norms.
Ownership of the means of production can affect social relations in two important ways:
- determines the social structure and position of workers in production,
- affects the distribution of income generated in industrial relations.
Economic relations of ownership arise when determining the relationship between the economic use of property and income generation. They are important in solving certain issues in practice: who will have economic power and appropriate the factors and results of production, how the result of production is used, who will get the income.
Economic property relations are characterized by a natural relationship with legal relations.
One-sidedness, asymmetry in the interpretation of the subject of economic theory can be overcome through the synthesis of two types of economic relations - socio-economic and organizational-economic. What are they?
Property and socio-economic ties
Property and socio-economic ties are relations between social classes, social groups, individual collectives and members of society. The decisive position in these economic relations belongs to the one who appropriates the factors of production and its main results. Therefore, socio-economic relations largely depend on the type (form) of ownership of the conditions and results of production. Such appropriation predetermines the main content and direction of the development of socio-economic relations, because always and everywhere such development is carried out in the interests of the owners. It is noteworthy that as one of the decisive features by which the industrialized countries of the world differ, Professors K.R. McConnell and S.L. Bru called the form of ownership of the means of production.
Organizational and economic relations
Organizational-economic relations arise because social production, distribution, exchange and consumption are impossible without a certain organization. The latter is required for any joint activity of workers. People think ahead business activities, a plan for the upcoming work is ripening in their heads, uniting all the workers. At the same time, organizational problems are solved: how to separate people to perform individual work and unite all employees under a single command, how to manage the economy and who will manage production.
In this regard, organizational and economic relations are divided into three major types:
- labor cooperation (joint production of products, enlargement of the size of enterprises, their constant cooperation and association) and division of labor activity (its fragmentation between economic units)
- organization of economic activity (subsistence and commodity-market economy)
- economic management (spontaneous-market and state-planned regulation)
All types and types of economic relations can be schematically represented in the figure.
Rice. Structure of economic relations
The main types of economic relations are decisively different from each other. So, socio-economic ties are specific: they are characteristic of only one historical era or one social system (for example, primitive, slave-owning, feudalism). The transition from one specific form of ownership to another means a change in economic power, as a result of which relations between people in the spheres of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services change.
In contrast, organizational and economic ties exist, as a rule, regardless of the socio-economic system; they are, in essence, common elements of the economy.
all countries throughout history. Thus, the same organization of trade establishments (for example, specialized and department stores), common achievements in the scientific organization of labor and management, etc., can be applied equally successfully.
Sufficiently complete knowledge of the subject of economic theory allows us to consider its functions.
Economic (production) relations are relations between people that develop in the process of social production, distribution, exchange and consumption of vital goods.
Two types of economic relations can be distinguished: socio-economic (ownership relations) and organizational-economic.
Socio-economic relations include the relationship of people to the means of production, i.e. property relations, relations for the production of material goods and services, their distribution, exchange and consumption. They, being the core core of production relations, determine the social form of production, characteristic of only one socio-economic formation, and have a historically transient character, changing as a result of a change in ownership.
The basis of socio-economic relations is the ownership of the means of production, which determine the target orientation of the development of production (in whose interests it is carried out), the social structure of society, its type. The following forms of ownership are historically known: public, private, state. Except
In addition, there are varieties - intermediate and mixed forms of ownership. Property relations permeate all spheres of economic relations, determining their specificity in the sphere of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of economic goods. The combination of these relationships forms system of socio-economic relations of this society.
The second type of economic relations - organizational and economic relations, which are directly determined by the productive forces. They reflect the organization of productive forces, the features of a certain stage in the development of factors of production and their social combination. These are relations that arise in connection with the division, specialization, and cooperation of labor and are determined by the technological mode of production. They are conditioned by the needs of the production organization technology. These are, for example, the relations between workers of various specialties, between organizers and performers associated with the technological division of labor within the enterprise.
Organizational and economic relations are divided into three types:
1) division of labor and production;
2) concentration (concentration) of the production of certain types of goods in those regions where their production is economically feasible;
3) differentiation, specialization of labor activity.
When the problem of choice arises, three questions arise: what, how and for whom to produce? The answers to these questions depend on the existing economic system.
economic system- a set of organizational mechanisms by which the limited resources of society are distributed to meet the needs of people.
The nature of the economic system depends on the form of ownership of the factors of production and on the mechanism for coordinating the actions of economic entities.
There are the following types of economic systems:
1) Traditional, is present in countries with a subsistence economy and the distribution of income not in accordance with labor, but according to national traditions or customs.
2) Centralized(administrative - command), the essence of which is in state monopoly.
Main Features of a Centralized System.
domination state property;
Dictatorship state plan;
Administrative methods of management;
financial dictatorship.
Pros:
Stable economy;
Less inequality in society;
No problems with employment;
More stable prices.
Minuses:
No incentive to work;
General deficits and economic inefficiencies;
Dictatorship of producers over consumers;
The lack of initiative of people and the dissatisfied work of state property.
3) Market economy is a system based on direct links between buyers and sellers.
Character traits:
Private ownership of resources and means of production;
Self-regulation of the economy market factors;
Freedom to choose economic partners;
Minimal state intervention in the economy.
Pros:
Stimulates profitable enterprise among employees;
Rejects inefficient production;
Does not require a large control apparatus;
Gives more rights and opportunities to consumers.
Minuses:
Increases inequality in society;
Instability in the economy;
Inflation;
Unemployment;
Lack of government regulation.
4) Mixed, which uses all the advantages of the state and market economy and eliminate their shortcomings.
Ownership: economic content:
As already noted, the defining feature of the economic system is the dominant form of ownership. Property expresses those deep relations that influence all aspects of society - economic, political, social, ideological. It is the property that creates legal basis economic system.
Ownership (from economic point of view) – the relationship between people about the appropriation of goods (material and intangible)
Legal nature of ownership reflects certain rights of the owner to the object, guaranteeing him the opportunity to own, dispose of or use this object at his own discretion.
Ownership - the right to control the use of certain resources and allocate the resulting costs and revenues.
Thus, property - it is also a share of the rights to use the resources.
Property relations are reflected in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation
Property elements:
1. Ownership;
2. Right to use;
3. Right management;
4. The right to income;
5. The right of the sovereign;
6. The right to security;
7. The right to transfer wealth to the inheritance;
8. The right to indefinite possession of the good;
10. The right to liability in the form of recovery;
11. The right to residual character.
Owner types:
1. Individual is a citizen as a subject of civil property and non-property rights and obligations.
2. A legal entity is an organization, enterprise or institution that is a subject, a bearer of civil rights and obligations, entering into economic relations on its own behalf, as an independent integral unit.
3. State and municipalities are local governments.
Physical and legal entities act among themselves in legal relations about different types property:
a) immovable;
b) movable;
c) intellectual property.
Type of ownership
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For many decades, state ownership absolutely prevailed in Russia.
Privatization - transfer of property from state to private ownership.
The process of privatization began with the adoption by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR in July 1991 of laws on the privatization of state and municipal enterprises and on nominal privatization checks. These laws determined the goals, objectives and methods of privatization.
Main goals of privatization in Russia:
· Formation of a layer of private owners-entrepreneurs;
· Creation of a competitive environment;
· Promoting the demonopolization of the economy;
· Financial stabilization of the economy (decrease in deficit and inflation rates)
· Improving the efficiency of enterprises;
Engagement foreign investment;
· Social protection population and development social infrastructure with funds from privatization.
Privatization methods:
1. Free transfer ownership of the property of privatized state enterprises to all citizens of the Russian Federation. For each Russian had 10,000 rubles. For this amount, everyone was given a check - a voucher.
2. Free Transfer ownership of the property of privatized state enterprises to their labor collectives. property in monetary form, converted into shares, shares and shares, was divided among the employees of the enterprise.
3. Monetary privatization involves the sale of state property:
By competition or auction
· Auctioning