Problems of social protection of citizens of social security. Social protection of the population in modern Russia karginova e.v.

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT

Faculty of National and World Economy

Academic discipline– Social problems of a market economy

COURSE WORK

Subject:

"Problems of social protection of the population

in Russia"

Moscow - 2003

Introduction …………………………………………………………………….. 3

1. The concept and essence of social protection of the population ……………… 4

……………………… 5

3. Problems and ways of reforming the system of social

protection of the population in Russia …………………………………………… 9

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………… 15

…………………………………... 17

Introduction

1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Art. 22 proclaimed that every person, as a member of society, has the right to social security. This right, by its nature, should make it possible to ensure, taking into account the material opportunities available to society, a decent existence for a person in the event of such life situations when he is not able to receive a source of income in exchange for the labor expended. The norms of the declaration bind the realization of the right of every person to a decent standard of living not only during the period when a person is working, but also in cases of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other cases of loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond the control of the citizen.

According to Art. 39 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

Social protection and social security in a state-organized society is an area of interweaving of the vital interests of citizens, property and distribution relations, legal methods and methods of their regulation, social policy of the state and socio-economic human rights. It is also the sphere of refraction of such universal human values as equality, social justice, humanism, moral foundations of society. Purpose social security consists, first of all, in the fact that it is a special form of meeting the needs for sources of livelihood for the elderly and the disabled.

The constitutive signs of social security include: objective grounds that cause the need for a special mechanism of social protection of citizens aimed at maintaining or providing a certain level of life support (illness, old age, disability, unemployment, etc.); special funds, sources of social security; special livelihoods; fixing the rules for the provision of social security in law.

The objective foundations of social security, for all their differences, affect a person's ability to work in the direction of its temporary or permanent limitation or complete loss. It is they who predetermine the need of a certain number of people to receive a source of livelihood from society in exchange for new labor expended; the need for preventive and health-improving measures for able-bodied members of society with the aim of normal reproduction of the labor force and protection of their health, etc. Any of these needs can be realized if it is recognized by society as socially significant, that is, enshrined in law. Ignoring these needs by society will not be slow to affect its normal functioning. Another thing is that both the degree of recognition and the degree of ignoring the listed needs is connected with the economic basis of society. This is due to the fact that, by its economic nature, social security is directly or indirectly connected with the distribution and redistribution relations of society.

It should be noted that in modern society, social security has ceased to act in the form of goodwill, benevolence provided by the more affluent strata of society to its less affluent categories of citizens. It also cannot be regarded as a right-privilege of individual sections of society.

Social protection as a special social institution modern state is an indicator of social confidence, a social guarantee for the worthy development of each member of society and the preservation of a source of livelihood in the event of social risks.

1. THE CONCEPT AND ESSENCE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION OF THE POPULATION

Social protection- policy and purposeful actions, as well as means of the state and society, providing an individual, a social group, and the population as a whole with a comprehensive, versatile solution to various problems caused by social risks that may lead or have already led to a complete or partial loss of opportunities for the specified subjects to exercise their rights, freedoms and legitimate interests, economic independence and social well-being, as well as their optimal development, restoration or acquisition.

There are basically two models of social protection in the world:

1) social-democratic orientation with a high role of the state in the socialization of incomes and the essential importance of nationwide social management mechanisms;

2) neoliberal - with a lesser degree of state intervention in socio-economic processes.

Depending on the approaches chosen, the following social protection systems are distinguished:

State, based on the principle of state social care for socially vulnerable members of society and social charity (it provides for a differentiated approach to determining low-income groups of the population according to the degree of need and preferential provision of social assistance to them);

Private, based on the principle of responsibility of each member of society for their own destiny and the destiny of their family, using their own labor and entrepreneurial activity income, income from property, as well as personal savings (this system is oriented towards distribution according to work and includes private social insurance).

The central subject of social protection is the state. A person in need of social protection is both a subject and an object of social protection.

The objects of social protection are social institutions represented by specific social organizations, institutions, systems (education, healthcare, social protection, employment, labor, culture, sports and recreation complex).

The main forms of social protection:

Legally defined social guarantees and their satisfaction based on basic standards and programs,

Regulation of incomes and expenses of the population;

Social insurance;

Social assistance;

social services;

Target social programs.

The current system of social protection in Russia is based on the following principles:

- encouragement,- for the purpose of social and political resonance for certain socially significant events that have received public assessment, or to support state important deeds, power structures make decisions focused on social support for certain social groups, strata of the population, and in some cases - individuals;

- application,- social assistance is provided to a needy citizen upon written request of the applicant or a person representing his interests;

- paternalism denoting state guardianship ("fatherly care") in relation to less socially and economically protected strata and groups of the population.

Politically engaged encouragement, together with paternalism, has led to a large-scale number and great relevance in the social protection of the Russian population of various benefits. These benefits have actually become the equivalent material types social support for certain groups, strata of the population. At the same time, for a long time, the majority of Russian citizens were not fully aware of the benefits, since information about them was mainly published in legal and methodological documents special for official use. In the conditions of publicity and market relations, information about the rights to certain benefits became available to various categories of the population, who actively declared their claims to them. Currently, over 70% of Russians have a variety of benefits for various reasons. This situation has led to an unreasonable burden on the federal and local budgets benefits have become burdensome for the state. In Russia, the issue of modernizing the policy of benefits has acquired acute relevance and has become central to reforming the system of social protection of the population. At present, an attempt at a valuntorist departure from state obligations to fulfill this category of social guarantees is obvious. However, the implementation of this approach will cause social tension, but will not lead to the expected economic and social positive results. In Russia, benefits, from 1917 to the present, have always been an alternative to cash payments, as if an increase in wages, pensions, and social benefits. In this regard, the deprivation of benefits will lead to a significant deterioration in the financial situation of many pensioners, the disabled, families with children and other socially disadvantaged, vulnerable segments of the population. This most complex economic and ethical problem can be solved only in conjunction with other problems:

Incomes and expenditures of the population, and, above all, in the sphere of income from labor activity;

Reforming the pension system;

Streamlining medical and pension insurance;

Compliance by the state with constitutional and other regulatory and legal guaranteed social obligations;

Creation of a market for social goods and services, protection of the population from unscrupulous producers of social goods and services;

Education of the culture of the population in the aspect of market relations in the social sphere.

The modernization of the policy of benefits, and this is how this problem should be considered, requires a conceptual study, patience and wisdom of statesmen and politicians, and the involvement of qualified specialists who own the problem to solve it.

2. The role of social work in protecting the population

To assist people in difficult life situations and in need of social protection, there is a special institute of social work and social services.

Currently social work viewed as:

1) a type of professional activity based on subject-integrated, interdisciplinary methods of formation, maintenance, rehabilitation of sustainable social integration or reintegration of an individual and groups;

2) a comprehensive social technology for the implementation of social protection of the population, social management, social policy in relation to socially vulnerable groups of the population.

Social work is based on the socio-psychological, vitalistic and socio-pedagogical aspects of the concept of supporting the vitality of a person.

Principles of social work:

Methodological - epistemological approach, determinism, unity of consciousness and activity, personal approach;

Organizational - regularity, continuity and consistency in working with an individual, a group;

Interactions of all social institutions;

Execution control;

Functions of social work:

Moral and humanistic, information and communication, analytical and forecasting, organizational and methodological, social and managerial;

Mediator, social facilitator, advertising and propaganda, regulatory and preventive, affective and communicative, socio-integrative.

In Russia, the formation of social work as a self-sufficient professional institution began to take place in the late 1980s, when middle-level specialists, social workers, began serving the elderly and disabled at home. In 1991, a new profession was added to the qualification handbook - a social work specialist, and from that time the formation of a social service system began.

In 1994-96 the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of Russia is developing and adopting a concept for the development of this new industry, and model provisions for various types of social services are being worked out.

From 1995 to 1999 Federal Laws “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population”, “On Social Services for the Elderly and the Disabled”, and “On Social Assistance” are adopted. In the development of these legislative acts, normative and methodological documents on the norms and standards of social services for the population are adopted. Taking into account the constitutional provision on the delimitation of social powers, a legislative basis this area of activity in the regions of Russia. All over the country there are Various types social institutions, federal and regional social programs financed from the budgets of various levels are being developed and implemented. The formation of non-governmental organizations of social orientation is being activated.

Currently, social work is seen as:

1) a type of professional activity based on subject-integrated, interdisciplinary methods for the formation, maintenance, rehabilitation of sustainable social integration or reintegration of individuals and groups;

2) a comprehensive social technology for the implementation of social protection of the population, social management, social policy in relation to socially vulnerable groups of the population.

The main areas of social work:

- social supervision(control) and prevention - a form of practical actions of subjects of management social processes for the implementation of their rights and functions in the field of social protection of the population and individuals. The subjects of social supervision are legally authorized structures (there are constitutional, prosecutorial, administrative, post-criminal, social (informal) supervision);

Objects - the process of implementation of regulations at the national and local levels, adopted by the relevant authorities for the social protection of the population, the progress of implementation social programs and projects, compliance with the established rules and conditions for the maintenance and life of persons in institutions of social service, guardianship and re-education (these are boarding houses for the elderly and disabled, orphanages, special boarding schools, educational and labor and corrective labor colonies, other special institutions), as well as monitoring the condition and life of families and persons of social risk groups and deviant behavior (mentally ill, alcoholics, drug addicts, drug addicts, prostitutes, etc.).

Social rehabilitation- a system of medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic, legal measures aimed at creating and ensuring conditions for the social integration or reintegration of a person with disabilities caused by a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions and / or social circumstances. The goal of social rehabilitation is the restoration (formation) social status human, lost public relations (at the macro and micro levels).

Social integration- the process and characteristics of the measures to achieve the optimal level of life and the realization of the potential abilities and capabilities of the individual as a result of the interpersonal interaction of the individual in a particular socio-cultural space and social time.

Social reintegration- the process and characteristics of the measure of restoration of previously inherent in the individual and, due to any reasons, weakened or lost, social and role functions in an adequate sociocultural space for him.

social services – state, municipal and non-state governing bodies, structures and specialized institutions and enterprises engaged in social work .

State social services include government bodies, institutions and social service enterprises of the system of social protection of the population, ministries and departments Russian Federation whose competence includes social assistance to the population.

Municipal social services include institutions and enterprises of social services that are under the jurisdiction of local governments.

Non-state social services include institutions and enterprises of social services created by charitable, public, religious and other organizations and individuals.

For the implementation of specialized forms of social services in Russia, the following social services operate:

Pension provision, including relevant structural units in federal and regional social protection services, as well as state and non-state pension funds;

Social services;

financial assistance; social services at home;

Specialized stationary social service;

Prosthetics, orthotics and prosthetics;

Technical means of rehabilitation;

Special transport service;

Medico-social expertise and rehabilitation of the disabled;

Medico-social, socio-psychological and socio-pedagogical services to various groups of the population;

Children's specialized medical, preschool and school institutions;

Special professional educational institutions;

Support for families, women and children;

Rehabilitation of minors with deviant behavior;

On social issues of military personnel and their families, refugees and migrants, the unemployed, crisis centers (for persons suffering from alcoholism, drug addiction, subjected to sexual and physical violence), regulating humanitarian and technical assistance to Russia and its individual regions;

On interaction with non-governmental organizations of disabled people, veterans, families with children, etc.;

Social services function both in the system of an independent social sector - social protection of the population, subordinated to the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation, and in the structure of healthcare, education, culture, justice, law enforcement agencies, etc., as well as at various enterprises and organizations .

In recent years in Russia, social work as an institution, its technologies and organizational forms have undergone significant changes. Despite all kinds of, above all, economic difficulties, the number of social institutions is growing. Below are the results of studying the provision of the population with social services, as well as innovative approaches to social services for the population, presented in March 2001 at the All-Russian Conference "Real Social Policy in the Period of Modernization in Russia" by Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor E.I. Single.

According to this author, over the past six years in Russia the number of social service institutions for families and children has increased 21 times and currently stands at about 2,300 institutions providing more than 23 million different types of social services.

Social rehabilitation centers for minors are developing rapidly (growth was more than 5 times in 6 years), rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities, their number has doubled.

New types of institutions appeared: crisis centers for women, centers for men, centers for underage mothers. However, the standards for providing the population with social services remain low. Thus, the provision of the population with social rehabilitation centers for minor children on average in Russia is 6.7%. In 24 regions there is no institution of this type.

The provision of social shelters is 10.4%, family and child assistance centers - 6.4%, boarding houses for the elderly and disabled - 60%.

The level of satisfaction of the population with various types of social services has a significant differentiation in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the capital and the regions there is a constant search for the most appropriate forms and methods of social work for specific conditions. In Moscow, for example, an interesting project of restorative justice is underway, the task of which is not to punish adolescents who have committed an offense, but to reconcile them with the victim and compensate for the damage.

This new area social work. Its goal is not punitive punishment and not avoidance of responsibility, but the search for such forms in which the goals of satisfying the needs of the victim, the offender and society are equally achieved. This is especially important because we are talking about teenagers, and their socialization has not yet been completed, and the way society reacts to the offense they have committed will directly determine the further trajectory of their entry into social life.

One of the most important modern components of the social protection of the population, the leading direction public policy in this area is the creation, maintenance and development rehabilitation industry .

3. Problems and ways of reforming the system

social protection of the population in Russia

In Russia, to date, there has been no formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing system of social protection, which is characterized by an extremely high paternalistic role of the state and extremely poorly defined public institutions. In recent years, the social protection of the population of Russia has focused on the targeted prompt solution of the most acute, crisis, life problems. certain categories citizens on an application basis. At a certain stage, this path was the most realistic for the practical solution of problems in this area and seemed to be successful. However, time has shown that this approach does not give a long-term effect, since it is not aimed at preventing relapses. crisis situations, on the prospective social protection of each individual and the population as a whole.

The reforms taking place in the country, aimed at streamlining all spheres of life, require changes in the social sphere, including the creation of a highly effective, society-oriented system of multidisciplinary targeted social protection of the population, which should provide comprehensive, versatile assistance to a person in solving various problems that cause the need for social protection. , problems throughout his life - starting from the period of bearing a child by the mother and ending with a worthy burial of a person. In this regard, social protection should be considered as protection against social risks of loss or restriction of economic independence and social well-being of a person.

We single out the following main areas of social protection and approaches to reforming them:

1. Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should be focused on the creation of conditions for the life and development of children, allowing all children, regardless of which family they were born and live in, to have the best opportunities for maintaining their health, material well-being, free accessible education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of one's abilities

Particular attention should be paid to orphans, as well as children from dysfunctional families. We must learn to take care of these children so that they do not feel superfluous, alienated from society, and the state would not seem to them something abstract, useless, and even hostile.

It also seems appropriate to create Federal Board of Trustees of orphans. It is necessary to take all measures to protect and protect children in particularly difficult conditions, including those left without supervision, homeless, subjected to economic and sexual exploitation, suffering from socially determined diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, refugee children, as well as in prison.

However, the problems of children in especially difficult conditions do not exhaust the numerous concerns of the state about all Russian children. The difficult situation of women in everyday life and at work, the destruction family ties Generations have led to practically uncontrolled and undirected development of children, including by mothers, fathers, grandparents, and other older family members. The school has practically ceased to play any significant role in these processes. We need to change the status quo. To this end, it is necessary to conduct an examination (departmental and independent) of the existing multi-level legal and policy documents relating to children's problems, to identify the state of implementation and the need to correct these documents.

It is necessary to streamline the process of commercialization of services for children in the areas of education, health care, children's art, physical education and sports, and identify institutions where this is appropriate.

In defending the rights of the child to health care, education, property interests, the role and place of prosecutorial supervision, judicial and law enforcement agencies, as well as various structures subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health of Russia, and other federal and regional authorities are extremely weakly indicated. . Legal and organizational gaps in addressing children's problems should be eliminated. The future of Russia is in our children. This should be the goal of all efforts aimed at the social protection of children, childhood and adolescence.

Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks:

- causing:

Stillbirth and pathological childbirth;

Congenital and birth defects, injuries and diseases;

Starvation and irrational nutrition for children;

Neglect and vagrancy, economic and sexual exploitation;

Addiction to bad habits (alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc.);

Negative psychological impact, discrimination based on nationality, gender, property or any other criteria;

Involvement in political activity and military actions;

Living in an ecologically unfavorable environment, involvement in inhumane religious and cult organizations and movements.

- hindering:

health protection;

stay of the child in the family;

Obtaining education and spiritual and moral education;

Formation of a comfortable psychological climate for each child in the family, children's groups, in the region of residence, in the country;

Development of potential professional, creative and other socially useful abilities;

Introduction to cultural values;

Physical education and sports;

Creation of conditions for games, other forms of reasonable entertainment and safe recreation;

Choice of religion;

Purposeful use of allowances and monetary savings intended for children, property interests of children.

At the state level, one should unambiguously decide on the issue of the ideology of child allowances: either unequivocally give the status of these benefits as poverty benefits, and then the family income will become the criterion for their payment, or such benefits should be considered as a manifestation of the state policy of supporting the domestic gene pool and fertility, and therefore payment allowances should not depend on which family the child belongs to in terms of income.

2. Social protection of the able-bodied population should provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, duties and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability for economic independence, while not infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance to people in need. Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, the monetary savings acquired securities and real estate should become the main sources of income and social well-being of a person, and no one has the right to encroach on them.

Social protection of the able-bodied population should include mechanisms that provide citizens of the Russian Federation with protection from social risks that prevent:

- effective employment of a person ;

- provision of regulated additional employment guarantees to certain categories of the population who need special social protection and experience difficulties in finding a job, including:

Youth;

Single and large parents raising minor children or children with disabilities;

Persons of pre-retirement age;

Military personnel transferred to the reserve;

Former soldiers - participants in military conflicts;

Disabled people; persons affected by man-made and natural disasters, as well as victims of military conflicts;

Persons who have been unemployed for a long time;

Persons serving a sentence or who were in compulsory treatment by a court decision.

- payment and receipt wages and all types of social benefits in the amounts and terms stipulated by Russian legislation ;

Health protection of employees and prevention of unfavorable working conditions for them;

Providing and receiving material and other assistance to persons in crisis material and social situations;

Equality of women in all matters social life. First of all, we are talking about complete actual equality in wages, promotion, access to education, scientific activities, culture and sports. Special measures should be developed to increase the participation of women in public authorities of all branches and levels, in the work of municipal structures, activities public organizations, the media, promoting their increased involvement in business activity. Particular attention must be paid to mothers and those preparing to become them. These women face manifold social risks, and this should be provided for in their social protection;

Realization by young people of their potential in educational, scientific, cultural and sports terms.

3. Social protection of disabled citizens should be aimed at the humanization of all spheres of life of these people.

It is unacceptable that any of them feel like an extra person, burdening loved ones, society. Everyone should preserve the desire and ability to live in a family for as long as possible, actively participate in the economic, political, cultural development of society, enjoy all its benefits and, if possible, increase them. The leading role in solving the problems of these citizens belongs to social services and pensions, which require reform.

Social protection of disabled citizens should include mechanisms to ensure:

All persons permanently residing on the territory of the Russian Federation, full social security, regardless of race and nationality, gender, language, place of residence, type and nature of activity in a variety of forms of ownership and other circumstances;

Full pension provision in old age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, in other cases provided for by law, regardless of the territory of which state the right to pension provision was acquired, as well as the payment of state benefits to families with children;

- strict enforcement of the legislative regulation of pension provision, avoiding under any circumstances delays in the payment of pensions, both state and other ;

Implementation of measures for preferential pension provision for disabled people, as well as measures aimed at preventing disability, ensuring social protection of disabled people, creating the conditions necessary for them to exercise their rights and legitimate interests, developing their creative abilities, unhindered access to social infrastructure, medical, professional and social rehabilitation;

Homestay;

Preservation of cash savings and securities;

property interests;

Decent provision of funeral services.

4. Social protection of the family as a fundamental pillar of society and the state provides for the need to fully support the institution of the family. It is the family that is able to preserve society and its values. Therefore, family policy, focused on providing people with decent conditions for the creation, preservation and development of a family, is an integral part of the social protection of the population.

Forms and methods of social protection of a person should be differentiated, but necessarily accessible, full-fledged, not degrading to human dignity, maximally focused on prevention and ways of positively resolving complex critical situations by an individual.

The system of multi-profile targeted social protection itself should include all shock absorbers of negative influences on a person and contribute both to the prevention of their occurrence and their elimination. And only in cases where, for some reason, social protection mechanisms do not work or non-standard, unforeseen situations arise, or a person does not agree with the forms and methods of his protection, he will be forced to declare a claim for social assistance and services to the relevant competent authorities. .

The development of a mechanism for the functioning of a system of multi-profile targeted social protection of the population should be carried out in the following areas:

Determination of the role and place of social protection of the population in the social development of the country and regions;

Legal support of social protection, clearly defining social risks, the consequences of which are subject to correction, guaranteed by the state;

Development of state standards for services in healthcare, education, culture and social services for the population (taking into account regional local conditions for the reproduction of the labor force and the population) for their targeted use in planning social spending and their gradual increase;

Legal regulation of social risks prevention;

Development of strategic scenarios for the development of the social complex;

Delimitation of powers between federal bodies and authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on social issues;

Development of structural reform government controlled the social complex, including legal support for its development;

Institutional and organizational transformations of the social complex:

Demonopolization;

Infrastructure development;

Privatization of social facilities;

Regulation of paid social services.

Investment policy in the social sphere;

Determination of priorities for the development of the social sphere;

Innovative policy of social technologies;

Formation of federal social programs focused on the management of social processes;

Formation of federal-regional, interregional and regional programs of social development, including social protection of the population;

Creation of a system of information support for the population on the legal, labor and other regulation of society, with a focus on the active independent solution of their problems by people, as well as a reliable, simple and accessible definition of the role of the state in this process.

Particular importance should be given to the development of state social standards. The question of minimum standards becomes a cornerstone. IN legal relation minimizing help to a person in need of it is abstract, and in moral and ethical terms - in many cases absurd. It is necessary to introduce a different concept into the legal field - minimum state social guarantees, to clearly formulate their interpretation and implementation mechanism.

Adequate financial resources designed for these purposes, the needs of people. The existing state centralized financial support has led to an unreasonable burden on the state budget and failure to fulfill state obligations for the social protection of the population, which causes dissatisfaction among citizens and social tension in society. To change this situation, it is necessary to create a mechanism financial support this sphere on the principles of differentiated social taxation and social mandatory and voluntary insurance provided that social assistance is maintained only for those who cannot be helped otherwise than through social paternalism. Legislation should clearly define the criteria for social tax and social insurance premium(mandatory and voluntary), as well as the procedure for their accrual, collection, accumulation and use. It is necessary to gradually move away from state subsidies for certain social areas and introduce government orders to solve specific social problems. Involvement in the implementation of the social order should be all those who wish legal and individuals on a competitive basis. This approach will help to streamline, target financial flows, make them manageable and controllable appropriate government bodies and the public.

Solving the problems of social protection of the population of Russia, ensuring the above priorities, will require a serious analysis of the state of the social sphere, the existing forms and methods of social assistance to the population, an assessment of the existing health services, education, social protection, employment, migration and other responsible structures.

There is an obvious need to search for fundamentally different approaches to the management of social processes. Such management should be based on reliable dynamically monitored information about people's needs for social assistance and services and about the resources available for this (financial, logistical, instrumental, institutional, organizational).

In many regions of Russia, it is necessary to modernize social protection institutions. This is especially true for social hospitals. Decent living conditions should be created for those who, for various reasons, are in boarding schools, specialized boarding houses, and neuropsychiatric hospitals. The number of places in these institutions should correspond to regional or interregional needs.

In Russia, the problem of social assistance to people who find themselves in difficult living conditions (the homeless, refugees, forced migrants and migrants) is topical. It is necessary for the territorial bodies of social protection, jointly with other interested services, to solve the problems of organizing overnight stays, social shelters and hotels. There should be no cases of refusal to help people who find themselves in extreme situations.

In different territories of Russia, there are striking differences in the financial situation of workers in the non-productive sphere. This situation requires the most careful study and the search for an adequate solution.

In the conditions of a deep transformational decline in production in Russia, the first steps to restore previously achieved production volumes in a favorable external economic environment served as the basis for conclusions about the entry of the country's economy into a phase of recovery and growth. Critically evaluating the quality of official forecasts for the development of the economy, one cannot but emphasize that the practice of developing a number of scenarios creates the illusion of great freedom in choosing alternative options. An unfavorable starting situation dictates a thorough substantiation of the development strategy, a realistic assessment of variance. On the instructions of the Russian authorities, three development scenarios were developed, taking into account which economic decisions were made when forming the economic and budget policy for the nearest period: inertial, export-oriented, investment-active (Table 1) .

The state's obligations under its social guarantees must be fulfilled at all levels. In those situations where this cannot be done, it is necessary to clearly explain to people the reasons and possible solutions Problems.

Table 1.

Dynamics of the main socio-economic indicators by development options, %

Option	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002-2005		2006-2010		2000-2010
Option	on average per year				during the period	on average per year	during the period	on average per year	2000-2010
inertial GDP	95,1	103,2	105,5	103,2	103,6	100,9	107,2	101,4	112,5
Industrial products	94,8	108,1	108,0	101,0	110,0	102,4	116,0	103,0	132,7
Investments	93,3	104,5	109,0	106,0	103,2	100,8	119,3	103,6	128,9
export oriented GDP	95,1	103,2	105,5	104,0	110,4	102,5	108,3	101,6	122,9
Industrial products	94,8	108,1	108,0	104,5	120,2	104,7	127,6	105,0	160,6
Investments	93,3	104,5	109,0	106,5	126,2	106,0	131,9	105,7	176,4
Investment active GDP	95,1	103,2	105,5	104,5	122,5	105,2	126,4	104,8	158,0
Industrial products	94,8	108,1	108,0	105,5	126,2	106,0	133,8	106,0	178,1
Investments	93,3	104,5	109,0	107,5	146,9	110,1	145,6	107,8	228,8

Conclusion

The transition to the market, the deterioration of living conditions for a significant part of the country's population, especially the unemployed, pensioners, families with children, revealed the inability of the former social security system to guarantee a decent standard of living for everyone. This required its reform and the almost complete renewal of the former Soviet legislation in the field of social security.

In the legislation adopted in this area at the federal level from 1990 to the present, the following provisions have found their legal consolidation:

Universality of social security, achieved through the expansion of the circle of recipients of pensions, benefits, services and the emergence of new types of social security in response to the emergence of new social risks (for example, social pensions, unemployment benefits, compensation payments persons subjected to Nazi persecution, monthly benefits HIV-infected, benefits for victims of radiation exposure, etc.);

Application of a differentiated approach in providing for various socio-demographic groups and segments of the population;

Use of comprehensive measures for social protection of the population; the desire of the state to fix the size social payments taking into account the minimum consumer budget;

Democratization, in many cases, of the conditions for the appointment and receipt of social payments;

Providing an opportunity judicial protection human rights in this area.

Great value for becoming effective system social protection of the population has such an approach of the legislator as the targeting of social payments, benefits and services. At the same time, the legislator uses various socially justified criteria for differentiation. The main ones include:

Accounting for the specifics of types of socially useful activities;

An important positive feature of Russian reality in this area is the principle of diversity and comprehensiveness of the social protection of the population. Its essence is that a citizen who has the right to social protection can receive at the same time different kinds social security.

The leading organizational and legal forms of social security are currently social insurance and national system social security funded primarily by taxes.

Despite the fact that, especially recently, the state has taken a set of measures aimed at improving the financial situation of pensioners, families with children, the unemployed and the disabled, there are a number of acute unresolved problems in the field of social security. Special attention should be paid to the problem associated with the level of pension provision, the solution of which depends not only on the state of the economy, but also on the new concept of pension provision.

Among the various organizational and legal forms of non-state social security, one should name the system of production support, that is, the provision provided by enterprises (economic entities). Currently, on the basis of collective agreements (agreements), within the framework of this form, one-time retirement benefits are paid, monthly supplements to state old-age and disability pensions, unemployment benefits, child care, and other assistance is provided to families with children.

An important role is played by municipal social security systems, which make it possible to significantly supplement the level of state pensions and benefits in many regions of the country through additional payments and compensations. At their expense, various additional benefits for housing are also provided, public services, medical care. Many trade unions are setting up trade union welfare systems which, at the expense of own funds improve the level of social protection of trade union members.

An extremely necessary step is the creation and maintenance of a favorable legal regime for the development of non-state forms of social security, including charity, which will harmoniously complement the efforts of the state to create a normal standard of living for millions of elderly and disabled citizens of the country.

Summing up the work, it should be noted that negative social problems in the field of social protection of the population cannot be eliminated in a short time. To reform the social protection system, it is necessary to:

Various resources (organizational, legal, logistical, etc.);

Development of demanded technologies adequate to Russian conditions and mentality;

Trained professionals (doctors, social workers, lawyers, orthopedists, prosthetists, engineers, architects, teachers, psychologists, and others);

Active support of public organizations, the entire population.

List of sources used

1. Baygereev M. Analysis of Russian poverty: causes, features, methods of calculation. //Man and labor. - 2001. - No. 8. - P. 55-60.

2. state report"On the situation of disabled people in the Russian Federation". - M., 1998.

3. Zhukov V.I., Zaimyshev I.G. etc. Theory and methodology of social work. In 2 volumes. – M.: Soyuz, 1994.

4. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993.

5. Machulskaya E.E. Workshop on social security law. - M.: NORMA-INFRA-M, 1999.

6. Oleinik A. Institutional Economics // Questions of Economics. No. 1-12, 1999.

7. Seleznev A.Z. Restrictions economic growth in Russia. // Forecasting problems. - 2002. - No. 6. pp. 29-43.

8. Family Code of the Russian Federation. – M.: Os-89, 2000.

9. Social policy: Textbook / Ed. ed. ON THE. Volgin. - M .: Exam, 2003.

10. Federal Law "On Veterans" (SZ RF, 1995, No. 3, Art. 168).

11. Federal Law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" (SZ RF, 1995, No. 48, Art. 4563).

12. Kholostova E.I. Social policy: Proc. allowance. – M.: INFRA-M, 2001.

13. Jacobson L. Economics of the public sector. Fundamentals of the theory of public finance. – M.: Nauka, 1995.

14. Yakobson L.I. Public sector of the economy. Economic theory and politics. – M.: HSE, 2000.

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Introduction

Social protection and social security in a state-organized society is an area of interweaving of the vital interests of citizens, property and distribution relations, legal methods and methods of their regulation, social policy of the state and socio-economic human rights. It is also the sphere of refraction of such universal human values as equality, social justice, humanism, moral foundations of society. The intended purpose of social security is, first of all, that it is a special form of meeting the needs for sources of livelihood for the elderly and the disabled.

Any of these needs can be realized if it is recognized by society as socially significant, that is, enshrined in law. Ignoring these needs by society will not be slow to affect its normal functioning. Another thing is that both the degree of recognition and the degree of ignoring the listed needs is connected with the economic basis of society. This is due to the fact that, by its economic nature, social security is directly or indirectly connected with the distribution and redistribution relations of society.

Social protection as a special social institution of the modern state is an indicator of social confidence, a social guarantee for the worthy development of each member of society and the preservation of a source of livelihood in the event of social risks.

The main directions of social policy in

Russian Federation

Social protection is considered one of the most important directions of state policy. She supports material and social status every person in society. In other words, it helps those strata of the population who, due to some circumstances, cannot independently provide for their existence. The right of citizens of the Russian Federation to social protection is enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which declared that the Russian Federation is a social state whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person. The Constitution also says that every citizen of Russia is guaranteed social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.

Speaking more specifically about the very definition of social protection, we can say that social protection is special kind socio-economic activity, which focuses on different segments of the population. Social protection is a state policy aimed at ensuring social, economic, political and other rights and guarantees of a person, regardless of his gender, nationality, age, place of residence and other circumstances.

Social protection should provide a guaranteed intermediate minimum, the purchasing power of citizens, the protection of health, life and property. The need for social protection comes from the existence of a social need to have a system of laws in the state that will compensate for the social imperfection in the organization of the production of material goods and their distribution.

Social security is the main part of the social protection of the population. The law establishes state pensions and social pensions, encourages voluntary social insurance, the creation of additional forms of social security and charity.

Social protection and social security is the sphere of such universal values as equality, social justice, humanism and the moral foundations of society. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declared that every person, as a member of society, has the right to social security. The role of social security is that it is a special form of meeting certain needs in the sources of livelihood of disabled citizens and the elderly. In the Russian Federation, labor and health of people are protected, a guaranteed minimum wage is established, state support is provided for the family, motherhood, fatherhood and childhood, state pensions, benefits and other guarantees of social protection are established.

Forms of social protection of the population can be classified on various grounds: depending on the subject-addressee of social protection:

General, aimed at the entire population.

Exceptional, provided in special cases, on the basis of special regulations, support for persons affected by natural disasters, natural and man-made disasters, and so on.

The main forms of social protection of the population are pensions, social benefits, benefits for especially needy categories of the population, state social insurance and social services.

Social protection measures can be expressed in the form of cash payments or social services. Cash payments are pensions, allowances, scholarships, subsidies, grants and compensations. Services should include both natural types of content, for example, medicines, and the beneficial effect that arose as a result of labor, as a purposeful human activity, for example, the delivery of medicines. Among the means of social protection are also advantages and benefits.

The benefits are expressed in providing citizens with priority or extraordinary right to receive a social good, and benefits facilitate the conditions for satisfying social needs and make it free or at a reduced cost, more precisely, they release the recipient from the performance of any obligations. Benefits and benefits can also be extended to able-bodied citizens as an incentive.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation not only proclaims the right of citizens to social protection, but also clearly defines the ways of its implementation, this is, first of all, state insurance for workers, the creation of other funds that are sources of financing social protection of the population, as well as the adoption of federal laws guaranteeing the implementation of these rights , these are the law “On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation” and the law “On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation”.

According to the method of implementation, one can distinguish between active and passive social policy. Passive social policy involves artificial containment of prices, stabilization or growth due to this standard of living, and an increase in subsidies in all areas of social protection. But an active policy is most preferable. The main thing in it is the creation of conditions for the manifestation of initiative and an increase in the role of the state in supporting the standard of living of pensioners and children.

The provision of state social assistance is carried out in two types:

1) cash payments, that is, social benefits, subsidies, compensations and other payments;

2) in-kind assistance, and these are fuel, food, clothing, footwear, medicines and other types of in-kind assistance.

The essence of social protection is manifested in such functions as economic, political, demographic and social rehabilitation.

The economic function is to replace earnings, income or maintenance lost due to age, disability, loss of a breadwinner; partial reimbursement of additional expenses in the event of certain life circumstances; providing minimal monetary or in-kind assistance to poor citizens.

The political function contributes to the maintenance of social stability in a society in which there are significant differences in the standard of living of various segments of the population.

The demographic function is designed to stimulate the reproduction of the population, which is necessary for the normal development of the country.

The social rehabilitation function is aimed at restoring the social status of disabled citizens and other socially weak groups of the population, allowing them to feel like full members of society.

Social protection has been and will continue to play the most important role in the development and support of society. After all, if there is no social protection, then the low-income level of the population will be on the verge of poverty. Of course, someone will be able to survive, but someone will not, these people will simply become lost to society. You can give an example, a pensioner who lives alone or a person who has fallen ill and cannot take care of himself, how will they survive without social assistance? They won't be able to survive.

The state plays an important role in organizing social protection of the population, organizing pension services and providing benefits, social services, social assistance to families and children, preparing legislation on social protection of the population, provisions on the basics of social policy, social standards and recommendations for the development of regional social programs, ensuring foreign economic and international cooperation, analyzing and predicting the standard of living of various categories of the population.

Social protection of the population includes social security, social insurance and social assistance, is consistent with the social policy of the state, which, according to the Constitution, is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of a person.

Problems of social protection of the population in the Russian Federation

Social protection of the population is always assigned a huge role. In order to develop and prosper, the state must embody law and justice, the support of its population. The stability of society, its sustainable development, and, as a result, its national security depend on the state of the social sphere, the effectiveness of the policy pursued by the state in the field of social support for citizens. The article highlights the existing problems of social support for the population in Russia for present stage, as well as measures to improve its efficiency. Key words: social support of the population, social policy, problems of social support, measures to improve the efficiency of social assistance, priority goals of social protection.

Social support of the population is all kinds of activities that are carried out by social protection authorities as part of social policy in Russia. Such events are focused on providing assistance to certain categories of citizens who need support. They are carried out in accordance with the laws and legal acts countries. In the Russian Federation, there is a program called: "Social support for citizens."

It outlines the main milestones and tasks to be completed by 2020. First of all, it is the fulfillment of the obligations of our country for the social support of citizens. The second task is to meet the needs of citizens in social services. The next task is to create favorable conditions for the functioning of the institution of the family. And the last task of this program is to increase the importance of non-governmental non-profit organizations in providing social services to the population. To date, the Russian Federation has not seen the formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing system of social protection. It should be noted that in the system that has developed in Russia, there is an extremely high role of the state. At the moment, the main problem of state social support for the population in Russia is the lack of a single federal law that could fully regulate state support for Russian families.

At present, there is only a draft of such a Federal Law: “On the Fundamentals state support families in the Russian Federation”, which establishes legal framework state support for the family, determines the goals, principles and priorities of state support for the family as an important area of state social policy. Despite the fact that recently our state has taken a whole range of measures that could improve financial situation pensioners, families with children, the unemployed and the disabled, there are still a number of acute sore problems in the field of social security.

We should especially note the problem associated with the state and prospects for the development of the pension system. These problems are by no means limited to questions about retirement age. Various proposals are put forward for the development of the pension system by abolishing mandatory pension savings, switching to voluntary savings, which will be stimulated by the state, and so on.

The solution of these problems depends not only on the state of the country's economy, but also on the new concept of pension provision. next topical issue is to provide social support to people who find themselves in difficult living conditions. These people include the homeless, refugees, migrants and IDPs. To solve this problem, it is necessary, through the joint efforts of the territorial bodies of social protection with other interested services, to resolve the issues of organizing overnight stays, as well as social shelters and hotels. It is necessary to minimize cases of denial of assistance to people who are in an emergency situation. In addition, there is a problem in Russia that is associated with the provision of a number of measures of social support to the population on a categorical basis. That is, in accordance with the existing status of a citizen, which is defined by both federal and regional legislation.

For example, with this approach, social support measures are provided to labor veterans, home front workers, victims of political repression, as well as certain categories of rural specialists and others. The provision of other measures of social support is carried out taking into account the need, which is based on an assessment of income, property or housing needs. Most social support measures are financed from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. At the same time, there is a regional differentiation in the share of social support measures provided at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the total number of social support measures provided.

Also, one of the problems of social support for the population is the presence of a dependent attitude among the population, as well as the lack of interest among some citizens in improving their own well-being. The Government of the Russian Federation plans to introduce some measures to improve the effectiveness of social assistance to the population until 2020:

First, it is the modernization of the labor market. Our country has relatively low unemployment. This calls for more effective measures to leverage existing labor resources, their distribution in points of economic growth. To achieve this, it is necessary to reduce the cost of moving to new places of work, as well as to ensure the availability of infrastructure throughout the country.

Second, create new opportunities for the development of industries human capital namely education and healthcare.

Third, providing families with children with intensive support. For example, maternal capital which has become an important tool of social policy. The government has expanded the scope of its application and is extending the implementation of this program.

Fourth, continued payments of monthly allowances to large families, including subsidies for housing and communal services.

Fifth, the elimination of the queue for land For large families or providing them with housing. The government plans to achieve this goal in three years.

Sixth, the development of a comprehensive program of assistance to the elderly. Such a program would aim to obtain adequate medical care. It is necessary to update the system of support for the elderly, which must meet the needs of modern society. The structure of modern life must also provide the structure of the life of older people. Seventh, the modernization of the healthcare system, since the level of its development determines the quality of life of any citizen.

This task is quite difficult to perform. At the very least, this comes at a cost. For example, cash, which were invested for last years into state-of-the-art medical equipment, on a scale larger than anything that has been done before.

Eighth, clear wording of state guarantees of free medical care. The priority is the development of primary health care, telemedicine, the introduction of a single electronic patient record.

Ninth, ensuring the availability and quality of medicines. This task is the most significant for the state. Even low-income patients need to be able to benefit from medicines. It is also necessary to increase the efficiency of the quality control system for manufactured drugs, medicines and medical equipment. In addition, on June 6, 2016, the “Action Plan of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Russian Federation for 2016 and the planning period until 2021” was released, which identified five priority goals aimed at solving the tasks set for the state. Decent work, fair pay. Decent pension for long conscientious work. Improvement demographic situation. Social protection will come closer to the person. The state civil service should become open and professional.

Thus, we can conclude that in our state there are a sufficient number of problems associated with social support for the population. However, ways to solve these problems have already been outlined. State on this moment focuses on the social sphere of our country, because this sphere is the most important for the population. It gives a person confidence in his state, a sense of calmness and a desire to develop and help his country "move forward."

Conclusion

The most important attribute of the democratic model of social protection of the population is its multisubjectivity and polyformity of economic foundations, which are provided by civil society institutions, voluntary, informal efforts, corporate structures, and religious denominations. Non-state actors of social protection with their economic fundamentals, creative potential should be fully integrated into the system of social protection of Russia.

The activity of the "third sector" limits the monopoly of the government bodies of social protection, so its initiatives are often met with resistance. At the same time, many types and forms of social protection, especially at the local level, can be implemented by non-state actors more efficiently and with significant cost savings, for example, on a competitive basis in the execution of state, municipal social orders, etc.

The system of social protection of the population has a decisive dependence on the economy. It is in this area that resources are formed that are redistributed to social policy. In this regard, it is very important to significantly reduce the volume of the shadow economy, including the shadow labor market. “Optimization”, or even just tax evasion, unofficial and unaccounted wage payments significantly reduce the level of social guarantees for workers and worsen the economic opportunities for financing state off-budget social funds.

In the sphere of economics, the self-realization of the individual as an economically independent, self-supporting subject takes place. Therefore, effective employment, the growth of national production, the restoration of the reproductive and stimulating function of wages, the growth real income- the best shock absorbers of the negative effects of social risks on workers. Undoubtedly, only as the real incomes of the entire population grow significantly, mechanisms and institutions stabilize social insurance, expanding the participation and responsibility of non-state actors in the system of social protection, increasing the scope of functions performed by the structures of civil society, ensuring the self-realization of the individual, we will be able to build our own system of social protection of the population that is quite effective and meets Russian socioculture and traditions.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

Constitution of the Russian Federation of 12/12/1993 (as amended on 07/21/2014).

Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly in 2016.

Article “On the results of the analysis of the socio-economic consequences of the implementation of measures of social support for the population by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with federal law dated August 22, 2004 No. 122-FZ (“Law on the monetization of benefits”)” analytical center under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article by D. A. Medvedev from 2016 "Socio-economic development - the acquisition of new dynamics." Official website of the State social support of citizens: [Electronic resource]. Access mode: - "http://www.socialnaya-podderzhka.ru/formy_socialnoj_podderzhki/".

Official site of the journal "Economic Issues": [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: - http://www.vopreco.ru/ (date of access: 03.03.2017). Official website of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection: [Electronic resource]. — Access mode: — http://www.rosmintrud.ru/ministry/programms/3/2.

Official website of the Government of Russia: [Electronic resource]. — Access mode: — http://government.ru/.

3. Problems and ways of reforming the system

social protection of the population in Russia

In Russia, to date, there has been no formation of sufficiently clear approaches to reforming the existing system of social protection, which is characterized by an extremely high paternalistic role of the state and extremely poorly defined public institutions. In recent years, the social protection of the population of Russia has been focused on targeted operational solutions to the most acute, crisis, life problems of certain categories of citizens on a declarative basis. At a certain stage, this path was the most realistic for the practical solution of problems in this area and seemed to be successful. However, time has shown that this approach does not give a long-term effect, since it is not aimed at preventing the recurrence of crisis situations, at the long-term social protection of each individual and the population as a whole.

The reforms taking place in the country, aimed at streamlining all spheres of life, require changes in the social sphere, including the creation of a highly effective, society-oriented system of multi-profile targeted social protection of the population, which should provide comprehensive, versatile assistance to a person in solving various problems. causing the need for social protection, problems throughout his life - starting from the period of bearing a child by the mother and ending with a worthy burial of a person. In this regard, social protection should be considered as protection against social risks of loss or restriction of economic independence and social well-being of a person.

We single out the following main areas of social protection and approaches to their reformation:

1. Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should be focused on the creation of conditions for the life and development of children, allowing all children, regardless of which family they were born and live in, to have the best opportunities for maintaining their health, material well-being, freely accessible education, preschool and school education, harmonious spiritual and moral development, realization of one's abilities

Particular attention should be paid to orphans, as well as children from disadvantaged families. We must learn to take care of these children so that they do not feel superfluous, alienated from society, and the state would not seem to them something abstract, useless, and even hostile.

It also seems appropriate to create Federal Board of Trustees of orphans. It is necessary to take all measures to protect and protect children in especially difficult conditions, including those left without supervision, homeless children, subjected to economic and sexual exploitation, suffering from socially determined diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, children from the number of refugees, as well as those in prison.

However, the problems of children in especially difficult conditions do not exhaust the numerous concerns of the state about all Russian children. The difficult situation of women in everyday life and at work, the destruction of family ties between generations led to the practically uncontrolled and undirected development of children, including by mothers, fathers, grandparents, and other older family members. The school has practically ceased to play any significant role in these processes. We need to change the status quo. To this end, it is necessary to conduct an examination (departmental and independent) of the existing multi-level legal and policy documents relating to children's problems, to identify the state of implementation and the need to correct these documents.

It is necessary to streamline the process of commercialization of services intended for children in the areas of education, health care, children's creativity, physical education and sports, and to identify institutions where this is appropriate.

In defending the rights of the child to health care, education, property interests, the role and place of prosecutorial supervision, judicial and law enforcement agencies, as well as various structures subordinate to the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of Russia, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health of Russia, and other federations are extremely poorly indicated. -ral and regional authorities. Legal and organizational gaps in addressing children's problems should be eliminated. The future of Russia is in our children. This should be the goal of all efforts aimed at the social protection of children, childhood and adolescence.

Social protection of children, childhood and adolescence should effectively protect children of all age groups, as well as periods of development, from social risks:

causing:

stillbirth and pathological childbirth;

congenital and birth defects, injuries and diseases;

starvation and irrational nutrition for children;

neglect and vagrancy, economic and sexual exploitation;

addiction to bad habits (alcohol, smoking, drugs, etc.);

negative psychological impact, discrimination based on nationality, gender, property or any other criteria;

involvement in political activity and military operations;

living in an ecologically unfavorable environment, involvement in inhumane religious and cult organizations and movements.

hindering:

health care;

stay of the child in the family;

education and spiritual and moral education;

the formation of a comfortable psychological climate for each child in the family, children's groups, in the region of residence, in the country;

development of potential professional, creative and other socially useful abilities;

familiarization with cultural values;

physical culture and sports;

creating conditions for games, other forms of reasonable entertainment and safe recreation;

choice of religion;

targeted use of allowances and cash savings intended for children, property interests of children.

At the state level, one should unambiguously decide on the issue of the ideology of child allowances: either unequivocally give the status of these benefits as poverty benefits, and then the family income will become the criterion for their payment, or such benefits should be considered as a manifestation of the state policy of supporting the domestic gene pool and fertility, and therefore, the payment of benefits should not depend on the wealth of the family the child belongs to.

2. Social protection of the able-bodied population should provide for the creation of conditions that ensure a balance of rights, duties and interests of citizens, when a person can fully realize the ability for economic independence, while not infringing on the interests of fellow citizens and participating in social assistance to those in need persons. Labor, its remuneration and, as a result, monetary savings, acquired securities and real estate should become the main sources of income and social well-being of a person, and no one has the right to encroach on them.

Social protection of the able-bodied population should include mechanisms that provide citizens of the Russian Federation with protection from social risks that prevent:

effective employment of a person;

provision of regulated additional employment guarantees to certain categories of the population who need special social protection and experience difficulties in finding work, including:

youth;

single and large parents raising minor children or children with disabilities;

persons of pre-retirement age;

military personnel transferred to the reserve;

former soldiers - participants in military conflicts;

disabled people; persons affected by man-made and natural disasters, as well as victims of military conflicts;

persons who have been unemployed for a long time;

persons serving a sentence or who were in compulsory treatment by a court decision.

payment and receipt of wages and all types of social benefits in the amounts and terms provided for by Russian legislation;

health protection of workers and prevention of unfavorable working conditions;

providing and receiving material and other assistance to persons in crisis material and social situations;

equality of women in all matters of social life. First of all, we are talking about complete actual equality in wages, promotion, access to education, scientific activities, culture and sports. Special measures should be developed to increase the participation of women in government bodies of all branches and levels, in the work of municipal structures, the activities of public organizations, the media, and to promote their involvement in business activities. Particular attention must be paid to mothers and those preparing to become them. These women face manifold social risks, and this should be provided for in their social protection;

realization by young people of their potential in the educational, scientific, cultural and sports terms.

In Russia, the transition to market relations extremely exacerbated, first of all, social problems and led to a decrease in the standard of living of the population, while it is in this category that all the efforts and results of the state's activities in the field of social protection are focused. Russia has faced a number of problems, including in labor relations. Some of them can be distinguished:

· non-payment of wages, wages in kind, strike movement;
liquidation and bankruptcy of enterprises, change of ownership;
Delimitation of interests of employees and employers.

Employers put forward more stringent requirements for performance discipline to the quality of work, and also stand up for facilitating the procedure for dismissing employees and reducing social obligations to them. The interest of employees is:

· increasing (or maintaining) the scope of guarantees and benefits, limiting the employer's freedom in hiring and firing;
Expansion of state supervision over the observance of rights in the sphere of labor.

At the moment, new labor legislation is in force in Russia. But if the American market provides for low guarantees to employees with their strict observance by employers, the European one - a high level of rights with severe sanctions for non-compliance, then the Russian market - a lot of rights in the labor sphere with their unpunished ignoring. This problem is associated with the minimum effectiveness of state control in the sphere of labor and the reduction of the trade union role in the regulation of labor relations.

Let us consider a number of the main problems hindering the improvement of the social protection of workers in Russia.

In our opinion, one of the main problems for Russia is shadow employment. The most common forms of violation labor law: employment by oral agreement, concealment from taxation of part or even all of earnings, non-payment (disapproval) of vacation or sick leave, as well as the situation when employment history is not in the place where the person works.

As a result of a sociological study conducted among employees, in order to clarify positions in relation to different kind extralegal practices, the respondents were divided into “offended” by the employer (the rights of the employee are violated more often than he himself violates labor discipline), into “offending” the employer (failures in labor discipline occur more often than violations of labor rights), and those who are not in resentment. The latter turned out to be 21%, "offending the employer" - 14%, and "offended by the employer" - 65%. But the most interesting is the distribution of these groups by categories of respondents (Table 1).

According to Table 1, the largest proportion of “offended”, whose labor rights are infringed more often than they themselves violate laws and regulations in the sphere of labor, is among public sector workers (80%), workers industrial enterprises(74%), working by oral agreement (63%).

This fact indicates that even at state-owned enterprises the observance of all the rights of workers is not ensured, including insufficient measures to improve social security. We see the reasons for this situation in the presence of shadow employment, which results in unpaid taxes, both on the part of the employee and the enterprise. The result is low wages for workers in the public sector. According to the results of 2009, the average monthly salary in educational organizations is 13,293.6 rubles, health care, physical education and social security - 14,819.5 rubles, the provision of other communal, social and personal services - 15,070 rubles, while the average living wage is 5497 rubles. per month.

Low level wages and the associated unsatisfactory structure of the population's expenditures hinders the implementation of reforms in the social sphere, since the main part of earnings (up to 80%) is spent on food and the purchase of consumer goods, and the rest is insufficient to pay for housing, medical and other services. One of the important social guarantees in the field of wages is the minimum wage. The basis for determining the minimum wage in developed countries is the subsistence minimum, it is not set below it. The subsistence minimum, one might say, is a red line for measuring poverty, beyond which a person cannot provide even the most basic needs for his income, the minimum necessary to maintain health and livelihoods, especially in food. At present, the minimum wage in Russia is 4330 rubles. below the official subsistence minimum, determined according to the methodology of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation. From these facts it follows that the minimum wage, in fact, is not a social guarantee in Russia, which is in direct conflict with the Constitution.

Wages are income that forms the main aggregate effective demand of the population, which determines the structure and dynamics of production. Therefore, the fall in the level of wages causes a contraction of the domestic market and a further reduction in production. Decreases and the tax base, which means that budget revenues are reduced, which limits the ability of the state to solve both social and investment problems. Therefore, it is also necessary to use the reproductive and stimulating functions of wages in the macroeconomic plan, for which it is necessary to remove tax restrictions on its growth, to exclude the use of shadow employment.

It is known that the domestic industry is in crisis. Its owners are not focused on long-term prospects, but on achieving maximum results at the present time. In this regard, their personnel policy often does not provide for the development of a social orientation in relations with employees. Thus, the share of wages in gross product Russia is only 40% against 70% in developed countries. This means that a disproportionate share in the gross product is occupied by entrepreneurial profit, interest on capital and rent. Many economists see a way out of the crisis of the Russian economy in the revival of the real sector of the economy and the reorientation of the financial sector to serve industry. This task requires a highly skilled workforce. However, in the sectors of Russian industry that determine scientific and technical progress: instrument making, precision engineering, machine tool industry, radio electronics and other high technology industries, over 70% of production personnel have been lost over the years of reforms.

The former qualification level of Russian workers has been lost. Thus, the share of workers of the 4th-6th tariff categories, which constitute the personnel base of the industrial personnel of enterprises, reached more than 50% only in three industries - oil (59.9%), petrochemical (52.0%), non-ferrous metallurgy (51.5 %). The share of workers of the lowest, 1-3rd grades, in such industries as clothing is 53.3%, footwear - 46.7%, woodworking - 44.2%. The low qualification level of production personnel is one of the main reasons for the weak competitiveness of manufactured goods and services. This circumstance, in turn, is reflected in the profits of enterprises, which limits their financial opportunities for staff development.

Changes in economic and political systems Russia brought both great opportunities and serious threats to each individual, the stability of its existence, introduced a significant degree of uncertainty into the life of almost every person, that is, reduced the level of social protection. Thus, the second most important social problem in Russia arose - the problem of training and retraining of personnel. Many workers are at risk of being fired or losing their social status as a result of economic restructuring. Most of them need active social protection, the main components of which are the creation of new jobs and advanced retraining of personnel.

In industrialized countries, social protection of workers in the form of vocational training is carried out within the framework of targeted state and regional programs to ensure the quality of the workforce. Such programs are essential Russian economy, but at present, unfortunately, the mechanism of their formation is not working well, poor financial, legal and Information Support. Undoubtedly, unprofitable organizations are not able to use professional retraining of personnel as a means of social protection for laid-off workers.

An equally important problem for Russia is working in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, in 2009, in conditions that did not meet the system of sanitary and hygienic criteria, they worked: in industries - 28% of employees, in construction - 16.5%, in transport - 33%.

But there are also positive trends, namely the reduction of injuries at work. Compared with 2000 and 2009, injuries decreased by 3.3 times. The data are presented in table 2.

Thus, there are many social problems in Russia. The state has developed a system of social protection of the population, which has the following main features:

Plurality, inconsistency and inconsistency of normative legal acts regulating the activities of the system of social protection of the population, their inconsistency with the development trends of domestic and international practice.

Lack of resources in the budgets of all levels to finance social protection measures.

Organization of social protection of the population mainly on the basis of social security.

Underdevelopment of social insurance systems and social self-defense of citizens.

The plurality of types and forms of social benefits, as well as categories of their recipients.

The predominance of an egalitarian, unaddressed procedure for the provision of social benefits. Hence the inefficiency of the system of social protection of workers.

The concept of social protection

In the scientific literature, many researchers often correlate the concepts of "social protection" and "welfare state", since it is the state that implements social policy, which is based on the rules and principles of social security and justice for each member of society.

The welfare state and its activities provide social orientation in various areas of life. For example, in market economy, where it forms a viable system of social protection of the population, both as a whole and individually for each citizen.

Definition 1

Expanding the concept of "social protection", it is necessary to proceed from the position that social protection is a combination of all social and economic relations in society, through which it is provided:

development of principles, rules and methods for the implementation of constitutional rights, freedoms and guarantees of a person to a high standard of living;
legislative consolidation of rights and freedoms;
their protection from external adverse influences.

The very concept of "social protection" was enshrined in 1953 in the legislation of the United States of America. The institution of social insurance was created, and later this concept was used in various documents and recommendations on the organization of public order.

Problems of social protection in Russia

Remark 1

As the main problem of social protection, many researchers highlight the fact that so far in our country there has been no formation of approaches to reforming the existing system. It can be said that approximately the same orders and laws that were adopted in 1996 are now in force. All documents that declare the development of the sphere of social protection of the population until 2020 are based on the old provisions, which have been slightly amended.

This means that the system of social protection in Russia today is characterized by a high paternalistic role of the state, while the activities of other social institutions are poorly marked. This does not mean that there are no advances in development, but all of them do not have innovative ideas, and technically they can be considered old revisions that are trying to adapt to a completely new, constantly dynamically changing society, which is very wrong and can lead to disastrous consequences.

Over the past fifteen years, Russia has focused on addressing the most urgent and critical problems of certain categories of citizens on a purely declarative basis. If up to a certain point this principle was effective, then at the moment, as time and the results of the activities of social protection agencies have shown, this approach is ineffective. It does not give a long-term effect, is not universal and requires a lot of costs, which makes it economically inefficient.

All this happens because this principle is not aimed at prevention, which will save you from repeating situations that have already happened. From this we conclude that the prospective social protection of a person is impossible: the individual is simply not given a guarantee that after a certain period of time he will again not find himself in a state of distress and crisis in any area of his life. And such declines in the life of one mean declines in the life of the whole society as a whole.

Ways to reform the social protection system

Remark 2

The reforms that are taking place in Russia in the field of social protection need changes and innovations to increase their stability and, most importantly, efficiency.

Thus, it is important to consider social protection also as protection against the risks of losing economic independence and its limitations for certain social strata. It is important for every person to feel safe and relatively stable, and this does not depend on his age, gender, professional and socio-economic status.

Researchers identify the following main areas of social protection and approaches to reforming them:

First, it is the social protection of children. It should be focused on creating suitable conditions for the birth, life and development of the child. Conditions should allow the growing organisms to have the best opportunity to maintain their lives, health, capital, affordable health care and education. All this should not depend on the family in which the child was born.
Secondly, social protection of the able-bodied population. It should provide for the creation of suitable and comfortable conditions that will ensure a balance of rights, freedoms, duties and support for the interests of the individual. It is in such conditions that a person can fully realize his potential, as well as the ability to economic independence and self-sufficiency. At the same time, he will not infringe on the interests of his fellow citizens, but, on the contrary, will take an active part in helping those in need.
Thirdly, social protection of disabled citizens. It should be aimed, first of all, at the humanization of all spheres of human life. It does not matter what family a person comes from, what position he occupies in society - first of all, he is the same person as all of us. And the more people realize this, the less outbreaks of aggression towards the disabled, the poor and the disabled, who are often treated extremely intolerantly and inhumane in our society.
Fourth, the social protection of the family. The family is a fundamental element of society, its support. The state needs to provide support for the social institution of the family, show its importance, attractiveness and high role in social structure. This will lead to the revival of the institution of marriage, more young people will be focused on creating a family.